Abstract: Systems and methods for manufacturing and use of a two layer coated electrode are provided. The two layer coated electrode may comprise a substrate, a first coating layer, and a second coating layer. The first coating layer may comprise a mixture of iridium oxide and tin oxide, and the second coating layer may comprise a mixture of iridium oxide and tantalum oxide. The electrode may be used in, for example, an electrolytic cell.

Abstract: Systems and methods for manufacturing and use of a two layer coated electrode are provided. The two layer coated electrode may comprise a substrate, a first coating layer, and a second coating layer. The first coating layer may comprise a mixture of iridium oxide and tin oxide, and the second coating layer may comprise a mixture of iridium oxide and tantalum oxide. The electrode may be used in, for example, an electrolytic cell.

Abstract: Ballast and/or cooling water biocidal treatment and disinfection systems and techniques are provided. The systems utilize oxidation reduction potential control to regulate addition, or concentration of an electrocatalytically generated biocidal agent to disinfection levels in ship buoyancy and to biofouling levels in ship cooling water systems. The disinfection and biofouling control systems provide suitable treatment while reducing the potential for corrosion of ship components and, in some cases, undesirable disinfection byproducts.

Abstract: Ballast and/or cooling water biocidal treatment and disinfection systems and techniques are provided. The systems utilize oxidation reduction potential control to regulate addition, or concentration of an electrocatalytically generated biocidal agent to disinfection levels in ship buoyancy and to biofouling levels in ship cooling water systems. The disinfection and biofouling control systems provide suitable treatment while reducing the potential for corrosion of ship components and, in some cases, undesirable disinfection byproducts.

Abstract: Electrocatalytic generation of halogenated biocides are disclosed by electrolyzing low salinity water with an applied current. The direction of the applied current is reversed periodically, for a shorter duration, and at a lower current density. Mixed types of electrodes are utilized without a significant reduction in reliability and performance.

Abstract: The invention provides low cost methods and apparatus that utilize at least one carbon-filled polymeric electrode to electrolytically generate desirable products.

Abstract: Active bromine-containing solutions are produced and stabilized by reacting bromate and bromide salt solutions with an amino-complexing agent, such as sulfamic acid or sulfamate salt. The reaction is performed at a pH of less than 1 to create a complexed hypobromate. The pH of the active bromine-containing solution is raised to between 4 and 10 by adding an alkali to improve stability. Moreover, the solution is maintained below 30° C. during the alkali addition to retain bromine equivalent activity.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell producing sodium chlorate uses an electrode, specifically an anode, having a surface or coating or treatment of a mixed metal oxide having ruthenium oxide as an electrocatalyst, a precious metal of the platinum group or its oxide as a stability enhancer, antimony oxide as an oxygen suppressant and a titanium oxide binder. The electrocatalytic coating is about 21 mole percent ruthenium oxide, about 2 mole percent iridium oxide, about 4 mole percent antimony oxide and the balance is titanium oxide. The coating is characterized by high durability and low oxygen content in an off-gas.

Abstract: Active bromine-containing solutions are produced and stabilized by reacting bromate and bromide salt solutions with an amino-complexing agent, such as sulfamic acid or sulfamate salt. The reaction is performed at a pH of less than 1 to create a complexed hypobromate. The pH of the active bromine-containing solution is raised to between 4 and 10 by adding an alkali to improve stability. Moreover, the solution is maintained below 30° C. during the alkali addition to retain bromine equivalent activity.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell producing sodium chlorate uses an electrode, specifically an anode, having a surface or coating or treatment of a mixed metal oxide having ruthenium oxide as an electrocatalyst, a precious metal of the platinum group or its oxide as a stability enhancer, antimony oxide as an oxygen suppressant and a titanium oxide binder. The electrocatalytic coating is about 21 mole percent ruthenium oxide, about 2 mole percent iridium oxide, about 4 mole percent antimony oxide and the balance is titanium oxide. The coating is characterized by high durability and low oxygen content in an off-gas.

Abstract: An electrode having an electrocatalytic surface or coating composed of a mixture with iridium oxide is used in a reversible polarity electrolytic cell to selectively produce an alkali metal hypohalite, preferably sodium hypochlorite, from brine made from hard water. The mixture also may have a platinum group metal oxide and a valve metal oxide, preferably, ruthenium oxide and titanium oxide respectively.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved anode formulation and an improved method of manufacture. More specifically, the invention provides a tri-layer anode having an improved service life when used, for example, for steel strip electrogalvinizing. In one embodiment of the invention, the anode is comprised of a titanium substrate which is roughened and heat treated and subsequently coated with a first coating of iridium oxide/tantalum oxide. After the anode is heat treated, it is next coated, preferably by an electrodeposition process with a second coating of platinum. Finally, the anode is coated with a third coating of iridium oxide/tantalum oxide and subsequently heat treated.