Abstract: A determining method of movement sequence and a positioning apparatus of the invention are arranged in such a manner that, in order to measure positions of plural marks as being measurement targets provided on a wafer within a shorter time, a group including executable movement sequences is generated out of a group of movement sequence candidates, each indicating a measurement order of these marks, and a movement sequence that accomplishes a movement operation between the marks within the shortest time is obtained from the group thus generated. For efficiently searching an optical system as a globally optimal solution within a shorter computation time, independently of an initial solution given, a designing method of optical system of the invention obtains the optimal solution of the optical system to be designed, using an evolutionary computation method (genetic algorithm) having a genetic operator for handling continuous values explicitly.

Abstract: A determining method of movement sequence and a positioning apparatus of the invention are arranged in such a manner that, in order to measure positions of plural marks as being measurement targets provided on a wafer within a shorter time, a group including executable movement sequences is generated out of a group of movement sequence candidates, each indicating a measurement order of these marks, and a movement sequence that accomplishes a movement operation between the marks within the shortest time is obtained from the group thus generated. For efficiently searching an optical system as a globally optimal solution within a shorter computation time, independently of an initial solution given, a designing method of optical system of the invention obtains the optimal solution of the optical system to be designed, using an evolutionary computation method (genetic algorithm) having a genetic operator for handling continues values explicitly.

Abstract: A determining method of movement sequence and a positioning apparatus of the invention are arranged in such a manner that, in order to measure positions of plural marks as being measurement targets provided on a wafer within a shorter time, a group including executable movement sequences is generated out of a group of movement sequence candidates, each indicating a measurement order of these marks, and a movement sequence that accomplishes a movement operation between the marks within the shortest time is obtained from the group thus generated.

Abstract: A determining method of movement sequence and a positioning apparatus of the invention are arranged in such a manner that, in order to measure positions of plural marks as being measurement targets provided on a wafer within a shorter time, a group including executable movement sequences is generated out of a group of movement sequence candidates, each indicating a measurement order of these marks, and a movement sequence that accomplishes a movement operation between the marks within the shortest time is obtained from the group thus generated.

Abstract: There is provided a hot melt applicator including (a) a nozzle opening, (b) a valve seat disposed upstream of the nozzle opening, (c) an empty chamber formed between the nozzle opening and the valve seat, (d) a valve body movable to the valve seat so that the valve seat is open or closed, and (e) a spring for biasing the valve body; and a pneumatically driven cylinder for driving the spring. The valve body is shaped to be a cone having an apex angle facing the nozzle opening, and the valve seat is formed with a tapered surface which is to make a contact with the cone. The tapered surface has an angle greater than the apex angle of the cone, and has a length of at least 1 mm. The hot melt applicator uses a pneumatically driven cylinder for driving the valve body to thereby compress the spring which in turn compresses the valve body, and thus, avoids the great resistance of hot melt with the spring used as a large capacity.

Abstract: There is provided a hot melt applicator including (a) a nozzle opening, (b) a valve seat disposed upstream of the nozzle opening, (c) an empty chamber formed between the nozzle opening and the valve seat, (d) a valve body movable to the valve seat so that the valve seat is open or closed, and (e) a spring for biasing the valve body; and a pneumatically driven cylinder for driving the spring. The valve body is shaped to be a cone having an apex angle facing the nozzle opening, and the valve seat is formed with a tapered surface which is to make a contact with the cone. The tapered surface has an angle greater than the apex angle of the cone, and has a length of at least 1 mm. The hot melt applicator uses a pneumatically driven cylinder for driving the valve body to thereby compress the spring which in turn compresses the valve body, and thus, avoids the great resistance of hot melt with the spring used as a large capacity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of aqueous printing on a recording medium for ink, the recording medium having an excellent ink absorbing property and a markedly excellent waterproof property, the method characterized in that the recording medium comprises a substrate containing a composition which comprises polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan and an aldehyde compound.

Abstract: A clearer mechanism for a draft roller, a clearer holder supporting a clearer member therein, and a suspensory member suspended from the draft roller and detachably supporting the clearer holder such that the clearer member is held against a working periphery of the draft roller. The mechanism further includes an actuating member or a restraining member projecting from either of the clearer holder and the suspensory member for displacing the actuating member or the restraining member to thereby reciprocally move the clearer holder along the working periphery of the draft roller.

Abstract: A retainer frame supportiing pat type clearer members is arranged in opposed relation to a draft roller. The retainer frame is inserted at both longitudinal end portions thereof into insert grooves of supporting brackets mounted on roller stands or draft roller bearing members placed on the roller stands. The retainer frame is formed by folding a metal plate. Each of the clearer members is formed with stopper lugs at both side edges thereof. With this arrangement, each clearer member may be easily installed into the retainer frame, and a uniform projection of the clearer member from the retainer frame may be maintained.

Abstract: This invention relates to a water resistant composition which comprises (A) polyvinyl alcohol, (B) a chitosan of which aqueous 1% solution has a viscosity not greater than 70 centipoise at 20.degree. C. and (C) an aldehyde compound, as well as a heat-sensitive recording sheet which comprises said composition. The composition has excellent water resistant properties and the heat-sensitive recording sheet has improved color forming properties and excellent resistance to water and solvents.

Abstract: A metal partition wall is placed inside a waveguide without ridge or the like and has an aperture in which a GaAs-FET is located, so that the input and output are coupled only through this GaAs-FET. The input and output terminals of the GaAs-FET are coupled through L-shaped coupling to the waveguide. An amplifier thus constructed has a high gain and is best adapted for power, while because the metal partition wall also serves as a heat sink.

Abstract: A method is disclosed of molding a cementitious material within a mold having a filler material bed, the configuration of which is maintained by means of suction applied through a filter disposed within the mold frame. A shield layer can be formed upon a surface of the filler material bed having air permeability so as to impart a desirable shape thereto, and the filler material is fixed under reduced pressure conditions within the mold so as to form a molding mold, whereupon the cementitious material may be charged into the mold so as to set therein. It is also possible to achieve the method of the present invention by charging a cementitious material within a molding mold having a desirable configuration, forming a filler material bed having good air permeability with or without a shield layer disposed upon the cementitious material, and preparing a hardening mold, under reduced pressure conditions, beneath the filler material bed.

Abstract: A cyclopropanecarboxylic acid ester of the formula (I), ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is a hydrogen atom, methyl group or a fluorine, chlorine or bromine atom, R.sub.2 is a fluorine, chlorine or bromine atom, and each of R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 is independently a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.3 alkenyl or C.sub.2 -C.sub.3 alkynyl group, an alkyl- or halogen-substituted aryl, unsubstituted aryl group or an aralkyl group, which possesses various useful insecticidal and acaricidal activities and can be prepared by reacting an alcohol, halide or arylsulfonate compound of the formula (II), ##STR2## wherein R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 have the same meanings as defined above and A is a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom or an arylsulfoxy group, with a cyclopropanecarboxylic acid of the formula (III), ##STR3## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 have the same meanings as defined above, or its reactive derivative.

Abstract: An improvement in the process for producing acrylic or methacrylic acid by the vapor phase catalytic oxidation of a system containing acrolein or methacrolein, respectively, is provided. The improvement resides in the employment, in such process, of a novel catalyst prepared by admixing with a solution of the catalytic component an organic substance, for example from the group of organic acids, alcohols, amines and esters, drying the admixture and subsequently calcining the admixture at a temperature in the range of 330.degree. C to 430.degree. C to form the novel catalyst.

Abstract: A process for producing an ammonium p-styrenesulfonate or polymer thereof which comprisesReacting an alkali metal p-styrenesulfonate or a polymer thereof with an inorganic ammonium salt in a medium of a hydrophilic alcohol, or a mixture of a hydrophilic organic solvent and water.

Abstract: A process for producing acrolein which comprises catalytic oxidizing propylene in the vapor phase with oxygen and steam in the presence of novel catalyst, having superior nature in activity, and composed of oxides of Mo, Co, Fe, Bi, and Sn with or without one or more of Al, Ni, W, Cr, In, and Nb, is disclosed.

Abstract: An improvement in the process for producing acrylic or methacrylic acid by the vapor phase catalytic oxidation of a system containing acrolein or methacrolein, respectively, is provided. The improvement resides in the employment, in such process, of a novel catalyst prepared by admixing with a solution of the catalytic components an organic substance, for example from the group of organic acids, alcohols, amines, esters and quinones, drying the admixture and subsequently calcining the admixture at a temperature in the range of 330.degree. to 430.degree.C to form the novel catalyst.