Abstract: A plasma generator utilizing two magnetrons preferably acting out of phase with each other and each comprising one part of the other magnetic mirror. There may be included a thermal fragmenter to produce gas atoms directly into the plasma for ionization before being drawn onto a substrate. The use of a thermal fragmenter separate from the magnetrons produces ionized atoms directly where they are needed and allows quicker changeover to alternative atoms for multilayer coating.

Abstract: Plasma generator which is constructed and operated to provide an enhanced probability of collisions between charged and neutral particles in the working chamber together with enhanced energy transfer and uniformity of the plasma. The plasma generator includes a chamber (1) with means to produce electrons (5) and to cause the electrons to rotate and spiral (6,7) to produce ion of gases introduced into the chamber to produce a plasma. The plasma is contained by magnetic mirrors (10,11) at each end of the chamber (2). Axial oscillation of the plasma is produced by a low frequency oscillating potential (9) in the chamber to significantly increased ion electron interaction.

Abstract: A method for measuring the purity of water in which the water is passed through an insulated pipe (1) in a cell spaced between electrodes (2-3) for measuring the tribo-electric electromotive force (e) generated by the flow, and wherein the resistivity of the water is calculated from the measured electromotive force.