Abstract: The present disclosure provides conjugates, systems, devices, and methods for detecting cellular redox state. In one aspect, for example, a conjugate for detecting cellular redox state can include a first segment including a cell penetrating peptide conjugated to a first detection molecule, and a second segment including a cargo peptide conjugated to a second detection molecule, wherein the first segment and the second segment are coupled together by a redox-sensitive linkage, and wherein the first detection molecule and the second detection molecule have properties that allow linked proximity detection. In one specific example, the first detection molecule and the second detection molecule include a fluorophore/quencher pair.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides conjugates, systems, devices, and methods for detecting cellular redox state. In one aspect, for example, a conjugate for detecting cellular redox state can include a first segment including a cell penetrating peptide conjugated to a first detection molecule, and a second segment including a cargo peptide conjugated to a second detection molecule, wherein the first segment and the second segment are coupled together by a redox-sensitive linkage, and wherein the first detection molecule and the second detection molecule have properties that allow linked proximity detection. In one specific example, the first detection molecule and the second detection molecule include fluorophore/quencher pair.

Abstract: A method and system for rating a packet based telephone call determines a source, and optionally a destination location of an Internet Protocol (IP) telephone call based on information contained within a call detail record. The locations are used to rate the call into any of a number of categories including local and long distance. In the case of hybrid calls which are packet based in part but which also traverse the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), the method and system can identify the call as a gateway based call and rate the call appropriately.

Abstract: A method and system for determining a charge to bill a consumer for a packet based telephone call uses information contained within a call detail record to determine the source location of the call. The location is used to place the call into a service class that is dependent on the location (i.e., local or long distance). The charge is then based at least in part on the service class.