Abstract: There are provided processes comprising submitting an aqueous composition comprising lithium sulphate and/or bisulfate to an electrolysis or an electrodialysis for converting at least a portion of said sulphate into lithium hydroxide. During electrolysis or electrodialysis, the aqueous composition is at least substantially maintained at a pH having a value of about 1 to about 4; and converting said lithium hydroxide into lithium carbonate.

Abstract: There are provided processes for preparing lithium hydroxide. The processes comprise submitting an aqueous composition comprising lithium sulfate and/or lithium bisulfate to a first electromembrane process that comprises a two-compartment membrane process under suitable conditions for conversion of the lithium sulfate and/or lithium bisulfate to lithium hydroxide, and obtaining a first lithium-reduced aqueous stream and a first lithium hydroxide-enriched aqueous stream; and submitting the first lithium-reduced aqueous stream to a second electromembrane process that comprises a three-compartment membrane process under suitable conditions to prepare at least a further portion of lithium hydroxide and obtaining a second lithium-reduced aqueous stream and a second lithium-hydroxide enriched aqueous stream. There are also provided systems for preparing lithium hydroxide.

Abstract: There are provided processes comprising submitting an aqueous composition comprising lithium sulphate and/or bisulfate to an electrolysis or an electrodialysis for converting at least a portion of said sulphate into lithium hydroxide. During electrolysis or electrodialysis, the aqueous composition is at least substantially maintained at a pH having a value of about 1 to about 4; and converting said lithium hydroxide into lithium carbonate.

Abstract: There are provided processes for preparing lithium hydroxide. The processes comprise submitting an aqueous composition comprising lithium sulfate and/or lithium bisulfate to a first electromembrane process that comprises a two-compartment membrane process under suitable conditions for conversion of the lithium sulfate and/or lithium bisulfate to lithium hydroxide, and obtaining a first lithium-reduced aqueous stream and a first lithium hydroxide-enriched aqueous stream; and submitting the first lithium-reduced aqueous stream to a second electromembrane process that comprises a three-compartment membrane process under suitable conditions to prepare at least a further portion of lithium hydroxide and obtaining a second lithium-reduced aqueous stream and a second lithium-hydroxide enriched aqueous stream. There are also provided systems for preparing lithium hydroxide.

Abstract: There are provided processes for preparing lithium hydroxide that comprise submitting an aqueous composition comprising a lithium compound to an electrolysis or an electrodialysis under conditions suitable for converting at least a portion of the lithium compound into lithium hydroxide. For example, the lithium compound can be lithium sulphate and the aqueous composition can be at least substantially maintained at a pH having a value of about 1 to about 4.

Abstract: A vanadium redox battery energy storage system is disclosed. The system may include a battery cell stack having at least one cell having a catholyte solution, a positive electrode in communication with the catholyte solution, an anolyte solution, a negative electrode in communication with the anolyte solution, and an anion exchange membrane separating the catholyte solution from the anolyte solution. Another cell in the cell stack includes a cation exchange membrane instead of an anion exchange membrane. A cell stack having a combination of cation and anion exchange membranes is configured to restrict net water shift, net vanadium transport and net change of proton and sulfate concentrations in the anolyte and catholyte solutions.

Abstract: Methods for preparing oxidizing agents having enhanced water solubility properties, such as magnesium permanganate, calcium permanganate and ammonium peroxydisulfate are prepared from oxidizing agents having more limited water solubility properties, such as potassium permanganate and potassium peroxydisulfate by electrochemical means employing oxidant stable, cationic permselective ion-exchange membranes that are also suitable for transporting a preponderance of cations with lower water of hydration, such as potassium over other more highly hydrated cations, such as sodium, magnesium and calcium used to replace the leaving potassium ion, and form more soluble oxidizer salt solutions. The methods may be practiced in multi-compartmentalized electrolytic cells, such as metathesis electrodialysis cells.

Abstract: The present invention involves removing of particular ions, particularly ionic potassium, from juices via an electrodialysis system and replacing the removed ions with other nutrients or beneficial ions, such as, calcium.