Abstract: The present invention encompasses methods and apparatus for creating metal nanoparticles embedded in a carbonaceous char, the conversion of an carbonaceous char with embedded metallic nanoparticles to graphite-encased nano-sized metal particles surrounded by char, the separation of the graphite encased metal particles from the char matrix, and the related preparation and isolation of carbon nanosphere materials with or without the enclosed metal nanoparticles, and the uses of such carbon nanospheres and graphite enclosed metal nanoparticles as supports and enhancers for fuel cell electrocatalysts and other applications.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing fullerenes in flames is provided. Fullerenes are prepared by burning carbon-containing compounds in a flame and collecting the condensibles. The condensibles contain the desired fullerenes. Fullerene yields can be optimized and fullerene composition can be selectively varied. Fullerene yields and compositions are determined by selectively controlling flame conditions and parameters such as C/O ratio, pressure, temperature, residence time, diluent concentration and gas velocity.

Abstract: An optical method for monitoring the products of combustion, particularly for the detection of upset conditions in the incineration of hazardous waste, is disclosed. On-line detection of upsets is extremely important to avoid sending untreated waste out the stack plume and to avoid the formation of hazardous products of incomplete combustion, such as dioxins. Small hydrocarbons are the strongest candidates for in situ monitoring of combustion efficiency. The combustion is monitored via infrared absorption using tunable diode lasers (TDLs).