Abstract: Electrochemical water treatment devices are disclosed. The device includes an electrochemical separation module fluidly connectable to the source of water to be treated. The electrochemical separation module includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a plurality of dilution compartments. Each of the dilution compartments includes a first region of ion exchange media having a first average particle size, a second region of ion exchange media having a second average particle size, and a third region of ion exchange media having a third average particle size. A volume of the second region of ion exchange media being greater than or equal to a total volume of the first and third regions of ion exchange media. Methods of facilitating treatment of water containing weakly ionized species, e.g., dissolved boron containing species and dissolved silica containing species, are disclosed. Electrochemical separation modules are also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a housing having an inlet, an outlet, and a central axis and an anode-cathode pair disposed concentrically within the housing about the central axis and defining an active area between an anode and a cathode of the anode-cathode pair. An active surface area of at least one of the anode and the cathode has a surface area greater than a surface area of an internal surface of the housing. The anode-cathode pair is configured and arranged to direct all fluid passing through the electrochemical cell axially through the active area.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a cathode and an anode disposed in a housing. Each of the cathode and anode portions extending radially outward from a region proximate a central axis of the housing. A surface area of an active surface of the anode is greater than a surface area of an internal surface of the housing. A surface area of an active surface of the cathode is greater than a surface area of an internal surface of the housing.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a housing having an inlet, an outlet, and a central axis and an anode-cathode pair disposed concentrically within the housing about the central axis and defining an active area between an anode and a cathode of the anode-cathode pair. An active surface area of at least one of the anode and the cathode has a surface area greater than a surface area of an internal surface of the housing. The anode-cathode pair is configured and arranged to direct all fluid passing through the electrochemical cell axially through the active area.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a housing having an inlet, an outlet, and a central axis and an anode-cathode pair disposed concentrically within the housing about the central axis and defining an active area between an anode and a cathode of the anode-cathode pair. An active surface area of at least one of the anode and the cathode has a surface area greater than a surface area of an internal surface of the housing. The anode-cathode pair is configured and arranged to direct all fluid passing through the electrochemical cell axially through the active area.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a cathode and an anode disposed in a housing. Each of the cathode and anode portions extending radially outward from a region proximate a central axis of the housing. A surface area of an active surface of the anode is greater than a surface area of an internal surface of the housing. A surface area of an active surface of the cathode is greater than a surface area of an internal surface of the housing.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a housing having an inlet, an outlet, and a central axis and an anode-cathode pair disposed concentrically within the housing about the central axis and defining an active area between an anode and a cathode of the anode-cathode pair. An active surface area of at least one of the anode and the cathode has a surface area greater than a surface area of an internal surface of the housing. The anode-cathode pair is configured and arranged to direct all fluid passing through the electrochemical cell axially through the active area.

Abstract: Manifold blocks are preferably injection molded thermoplastic components of a pressurized membrane water treatment system, preferably a reverse osmosis system. A manifold block comprises a structural member of the system having at least one integral flow channel. Each channel has one or more fluidly interconnectable inlet ports and fluidly interconnectable outlet ports. The manifold block provides interconnection for modules and pumps and passageways for liquid transport. The novel manifold blocks described allow RO systems to be designed and fabricated with improved accessibility, ease of fabrication and modification in the field, and compact structure.

Abstract: An on-demand system for intermittent high purity water production which by locating a storage tank for pre-polished water just prior to a final high purity polishing device reduces the potential for stagnant water in the system to reduce or degrade product high purity water quality and reduces the actual degradation of high purity water quality. Pre-polished water is preferably produced by reverse osmosis. Final polished water is produced by continuous electrodeionization.