Abstract: A safety system for detecting ice on the external surfaces of aircraft that are awaiting take-off from airports is disclosed. Multiple optical sensors mounted flush with the craft skin emit coded radiation signals away from the craft's skin. If a layer of ice is present on a sensor, light is reflected back to a corresponding detector, generating an electrical signal. Reflection from water or antifreeze or from environmental or endogenous noise yield distorted signals that are rejected by the code-reading circuitry. Relevant signals are sent to the cockpit, where the location of the ice on the aircraft is displayed for the crew, as well as to the airport tower via standard communication link, and to the flight data recorder. The invention assures that ice is detected at all critical times while the craft proceeds from the terminal to when it is airborne. Visual and audible alarms inform the pilot if unacceptable conditions prevail.

Abstract: A method for improving the quality of an aliment, such as an alcoholic liquor, by removing impurities such as carbamates, sulfites and bioamines, includes contacting an aliment containing the impurity with a container formed of a membrane permeable to the impurity. The container encloses a non-diffusible reactant such as binding agents, neutralizing agents, oxidizing agents, transesterifying agents and hydrolyzing agents. The container and the contents are separated from the aliment after a period of time sufficient for the reactants to react with the impurity.