Abstract: A memory device includes an address generator which generates a first physical address and a second physical address different from the first physical address. A first nonvolatile memory includes the first physical address, and a second nonvolatile memory includes the second physical address. An attack detecting circuit detects whether the first and second nonvolatile memories are attacked. The attack detecting circuit receives first data from the first nonvolatile memory and receives second data from the second nonvolatile memory, compares the first data and the second data with each other, and determines whether the first and second nonvolatile memories are attacked on the basis of a comparison result of the first data and the second data.

Abstract: A memory device includes an address generator which generates a first physical address and a second physical address different from the first physical address. A first nonvolatile memory includes the first physical address, and a second nonvolatile memory includes the second physical address. An attack detecting circuit detects whether the first and second nonvolatile memories are attacked. The attack detecting circuit receives first data from the first nonvolatile memory and receives second data from the second nonvolatile memory, compares the first data and the second data with each other, and determines whether the first and second nonvolatile memories are attacked on the basis of a comparison result of the first data and the second data.

Abstract: A smart card may include data storage and transmission circuitry, a plurality of voltage controllers to supply operational power to card circuitry, a plurality of oscillators to supply an internal clock for the card, and power management circuitry. The power management circuitry may be configured to shut down the oscillators and at least one, but not all, voltage controllers during a period after a data transmission is completed.

Abstract: A smart card may include data storage and transmission circuitry, a plurality of voltage controllers to supply operational power to card circuitry, a plurality of oscillators to supply an internal clock for the card, and power management circuitry. The power management circuitry may be configured to shut down the oscillators and at least one, but not all, voltage controllers during a period after a data transmission is completed.

Abstract: A beverage composition comprising phlorotannin, a ginseng extract and caffeine, and being effective in improving work performance, such as improving concentration and fatigue, preventing sleepiness, relieving hangovers, reducing headaches and improving physical abilities.

Abstract: A smart card may include data storage and transmission circuitry, a plurality of voltage controllers to supply operational power to card circuitry, a plurality of oscillators to supply an internal clock for the card, and power management circuitry. The power management circuitry may be configured to shut down the oscillators and at least one, but not all, voltage controllers during a period after a data transmission is completed.

Abstract: A smart card may include data storage and transmission circuitry, a plurality of voltage controllers to supply operational power to card circuitry, a plurality of oscillators to supply an internal clock for the card, and power management circuitry. The power management circuitry may be configured to shut down the oscillators and at least one, but not all, voltage controllers during a period after a data transmission is completed.