Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a measurement system comprising a vector analyzer (VNA), at least one remote frontend, and a cable connection connecting the at least one frontend to the VNA. The VNA comprises at least one signal source generating a RF signal and providing the RF signal via the cable connection to the at least one remote frontend. The remote frontend includes at least one measurement port for connecting a device under test (DUT) and transmitting the RF signal to the DUT, and at least one directive element. The at least one directive element couples out a transmitted portion of the RF signal and a reflected portion of the RF signal received at the at least one measurement port for measuring the transmitted portion and the reflected portion of the RF signal. The remote frontend further includes at least one dedicated calibration circuit connected between the at least one directive element and the at least one measurement port.

Abstract: An automated calibration unit has several ports for connecting with respective ports of a test and measurement instrument to be calibrated. The automated calibration unit has a frequency conversion circuit that is non-linear and reciprocal in amplitude and phase. The automated calibration unit has at least one switching circuit with several switch states. The automated calibration unit is configured to selectively connect each one of the several ports to another one of the several ports depending on the switch state, thereby providing a through connection via the frequency conversion circuit. The automated calibration unit is configured to selectively connect each one of the several ports to at least one of several calibration standards respectively depending on the switch state. Further, a frequency conversion circuit and a method of performing calibration of a test and measurement instrument are described. Moreover, a method of absolute power calibration transfer is described.

Abstract: An automated calibration unit has several ports for connecting with respective ports of a test and measurement instrument to be calibrated. The automated calibration unit has a frequency conversion circuit that is non-linear and reciprocal in amplitude and phase. The automated calibration unit has at least one switching circuit with several switch states. The automated calibration unit is configured to selectively connect each one of the several ports to another one of the several ports depending on the switch state, thereby providing a through connection via the frequency conversion circuit. The automated calibration unit is configured to selectively connect each one of the several ports to at least one of several calibration standards respectively depending on the switch state. Further, a frequency conversion circuit and a method of performing calibration of a test and measurement instrument are described. Moreover, a method of absolute power calibration transfer is described.

Abstract: A method of absolute phase calibration of at least a first port of a test and measurement equipment, comprising: providing the test and measurement equipment having the first port to be calibrated; providing a calibration mixer having a first port, a second port and a local oscillator port; providing at least one phase reproducible source that outputs a local oscillator signal; and performing at least two UOSM measurements at the first port of the test and measurement equipment, wherein at least one of the at least two UOSM measurements is performed with a frequency shift from a first frequency to a second frequency by using the calibration mixer. Furthermore, a calibration system is described.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a measurement and analyzing device for measuring a frequency-converting device under test, comprises the steps of connecting a first port of the measurement and analyzing device with a radio frequency port assigned to the frequency-converting device under test as well as connecting a second port of the measurement and analyzing device with an intermediate frequency port assigned to the frequency-converting device under test. Further, a scalar-mixer calibration is performed at the radio frequency port and the intermediate frequency port, thus providing a precise calibration conversion amplitude. A relative calibration is performed between the radio frequency port and the intermediate frequency port by using a calibration mixer. At least one correction coefficient is determined by the difference between the results obtained from the scalar-mixer calibration and the relative calibration. The at least one correction coefficient is used to correct an error term applied.

Abstract: A method of absolute phase calibration of at least a first port of a test and measurement equipment, comprising: providing the test and measurement equipment having the first port to be calibrated; providing a calibration mixer having a first port, a second port and a local oscillator port; providing at least one phase reproducible source that outputs a local oscillator signal; and performing at least two UOSM measurements at the first port of the test and measurement equipment, wherein at least one of the at least two UOSM measurements is performed with a frequency shift from a first frequency to a second frequency by using the calibration mixer. Furthermore, a calibration system is described.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a measurement and analyzing device for measuring a frequency-converting device under test, comprises the steps of connecting a first port of the measurement and analyzing device with a radio frequency port assigned to the frequency-converting device under test as well as connecting a second port of the measurement and analyzing device with an intermediate frequency port assigned to the frequency-converting device under test. Further, a scalar-mixer calibration is performed at the radio frequency port and the intermediate frequency port, thus providing a precise calibration conversion amplitude. A relative calibration is performed between the radio frequency port and the intermediate frequency port by using a calibration mixer. At least one correction coefficient is determined by the difference between the results obtained from the scalar-mixer calibration and the relative calibration. The at least one correction coefficient is used to correct an error term applied.

Abstract: A system to create periodic pulse sequences with defined absolute phase comprises a phase coherent analyzer and a pulse generator. The phase coherent analyzer and the pulse generator are connected with each other. The pulse generator has a clock input connected to the analyzer for receiving a clock signal from the analyzer. The system comprises a trigger line via which a marker signal is provided to at least one of the analyzer and the pulse generator. The marker signal temporally aligns an output signal of the pulse generator with a measurement process of the analyzer. Further, a method of creating periodic pulse sequences with defined absolute phase is described.

Abstract: A frequency comb generating device is described. The frequency comb generating device comprises a pulsed optical light source, a sequence generator, a light receiving unit and a switching unit. The sequence generator is configured to generate a repeating sequence signal and to forward the repeating sequence signal at least to the switching unit. The pulsed optical light source is configured to generate electromagnetic wave packets and is synchronized with the sequence generator. The light receiving unit is configured to receive the electromagnetic wave packets and to convert the electromagnetic wave packets into an electrical signal. The switching unit is configured to at least one of control the pulsed optical light source, control the light receiving unit, attenuate the electromagnetic wave packets, phase shift the electromagnetic wave packets, attenuate the electrical signal, and phase shift the electrical signal based on the repeating sequence signal.

Abstract: A phase reference system for a phase-sensitive receiver is shown that provides an output signal which can be used for phase calibration of a frequency-converting device under test. The phase reference system has a first frequency generator that generates a first generator signal with a first generator frequency fg1 and a second frequency generator that generates a second generator signal with a second generator frequency fg2. The first and second generator signals are fed to a multiplier. The multiplier process the signals and outputs first, second and third spectral line data.

Abstract: A frequency comb generating device is described. The frequency comb generating device comprises a pulsed optical light source, a sequence generator, a light receiving unit and a switching unit. The sequence generator is configured to generate a repeating sequence signal and to forward the repeating sequence signal at least to the switching unit. The pulsed optical light source is configured to generate electromagnetic wave packets and is synchronized with the sequence generator. The light receiving unit is configured to receive the electromagnetic wave packets and to convert the electromagnetic wave packets into an electrical signal. The switching unit is configured to at least one of control the pulsed optical light source, control the light receiving unit, attenuate the electromagnetic wave packets, phase shift the electromagnetic wave packets, attenuate the electrical signal, and phase shift the electrical signal based on the repeating sequence signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electron beam splitter (1) comprising a multi-pole electrode arrangement with a high-frequency alternating current voltage (5), which extends along a specified path (6) from an inlet side (9) to an outlet side (10), wherein the electrode arrangement (5) generates on the inlet side (9) with a first number of electrodes (7) impacted by the voltage a first oscillating electric field (61), which forms on a transversal plane a single local confinement minimum (62) in a time-averaged manner, and wherein the electrode arrangement (5) generates at least on the outlet side (10) with a second number of voltage-impacted electrodes (7) a second oscillating electric field (65), which forms at least two local confinement minimums (66, 67) in a time averaged manner.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electron beam splitter (1) comprising a multi-pole electrode arrangement with a high-frequency alternating current voltage (5), which extends along a specified path (6) from an inlet side (9) to an outlet side (10), wherein the electrode arrangement (5) generates on the inlet side (9) with a first number of electrodes (7) impacted by the voltage a first oscillating electric field (61), which forms on a transversal plane a single local confinement minimum (62) in a time-averaged manner, and wherein the electrode arrangement (5) generates at least on the outlet side (10) with a second number of voltage-impacted electrodes (7) a second oscillating electric field (65), which forms at least two local confinement minimums (66, 67) in a time averaged manner.