Abstract: A system including an apparatus is presented for treatment of biomass that allows successful biomass treatment at a high solids dry weight of biomass in the biomass mixture. The design of the system provides extensive distribution of a reactant by spreading the reactant over the biomass as the reactant is introduced through an injection lance, while the biomass is rotated using baffles. The apparatus system to provide extensive assimilation of the reactant into biomass using baffles to lift and drop the biomass, as well as attrition media which fall onto the biomass, to enhance the treatment process.

Abstract: Ethanol was produced using biocatalysts that are able to ferment sugars derived from treated biomass. Sugars were obtained by pretreating biomass under conditions of high solids and low ammonia concentration, followed by saccharification.

Abstract: Biomass is pretreated using a low concentration of aqueous ammonia at high biomass concentration. Pretreated biomass is further hydrolyzed with a saccharification enzyme consortium. Fermentable sugars released by saccharification may be utilized for the production of target chemicals by fermentation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for treating biomass composed of integrated feedstocks to produce fermentable sugars. One aspect of the methods described herein includes a pretreatment step wherein biomass is integrated with an alternative feedstream and the resulting integrated feedstock, at relatively high concentrations, is treated with a low concentration of ammonia relative to the dry weight of biomass. In another aspect, a high solids concentration of pretreated biomass is integrated with an alternative feedstream for saccharifiaction.

Abstract: Target chemicals were produced using biocatalysts that are able to ferment sugars derived from treated biomass. Sugars were obtained by pretreating biomass under conditions of high solids and low ammonia concentration, followed by saccharification.

Abstract: A system including an apparatus is presented for treatment of biomass that allows successful biomass treatment at a high solids dry weight of biomass in the biomass mixture. The design of the system provides extensive distribution of a reactant by spreading the reactant over the biomass as the reactant is introduced through an injection lance, while the biomass is rotated using baffles. The apparatus system to provide extensive assimilation of the reactant into biomass using baffles to lift and drop the biomass, as well as attrition media which fall onto the biomass, to enhance the treatment process.

Abstract: This invention is a novel process for removing volatile mercury from a gas stream to produce a filtered solid. The gas stream is contacted with treating agents which comprise a semivolatile acidic vitrifying compound such as boric acid, water, oxygen-containing gas and a chlorine source. The filtered solids produced in the process have low mercury leachability thereby allowing the solids to be used, for example in flyash-containing concrete.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition and a method for reducing the production of persistent bio-accumulative and toxic pollutants in solid carbonaceous reduction reactions in carbochlorination processes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for recovering the chlorine value from a particulate feed stream of metal chlorides wherein the total energy and reactant mass flow are managed to minimize the build up of deposits of solids on the reactor walls and maximize the conversion of the metal chlorides to metal oxides and chlorine.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for reducing odor perceived by a nearby community from an odor-emitting system, e.g., sewage treatment, etc., by adsorbing on core particles, as described, condensible components present in the system. The malodorous components then cannot adsorb in a film of condensible components on the aerosol to be carried by the aerosol plume into the surrounding community, but remain with the humid gas plume to be dispersed upward into the atmosphere. The process is useful for any system which contains condensible components and malodorous components and whose emissions form aerosols.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for reducing odor perceived by a nearby community from an odor-emitting system, e.g., sewage treatment, etc., by adsorbing on core particles, as described, condensible components present in the system. The malodorous components then cannot adsorb in a film of condensible components on the aerosol to be carried by the aerosol plume into the surrounding community, but remain with the humid gas plume to be dispersed upward into the atmosphere. The process is useful for any system which contains condensible components and malodorous components and whose emissions form aerosols.

Abstract: Efficient separations of immiscible fluids of different density can be obtained in compact separation systems by passing the fluid mixture through a centrifugal separator having an N.sub.D value of between 50 and 150 under specified conditions of non-atomizing flow.

Abstract: Efficient separations of immiscible fluids of different density can be obtained in compact separation systems by passing the fluid mixture through an inertial separator having an N.sub.D value of 50 or below under specified conditions of non-atomizing flow.

Abstract: Baffle tray columns can be designed and operated so to function as highly efficient scrubbers for the cleaning of flue gases subject to wide variations in flow. The columns are designed and operated such that areas within the scrubbing area operate with a liquid phase continuous froth as the contacting medium. The columns can also contain an integral non-clogging separator for entrainment control.