Abstract: An improvement in systems for continuous casting steel to near net shape sheet or plate directly from molten metal. This is accomplished by floating the liquid steel on a liquid substrate of silver, allowing it to solidify and withdrawing a continuous section of thin, wide steel. Liquid to liquid casting, by eliminating the mechanical problems of thin sheet casting with wheels or belts, allows for increased tonnage rates. For example, aiming at a thickness of 3 mm. by a width of 1500 mm., a liquid steel to liquid silver caster in continuous production at 200 feet per minute will produce 750,000 tons per annum. Increased cast speeds and/or multiple lines due to simple construction seem practicable for greater tonnage. Only liquid silver, as a float medium, makes high quality float casting of molten steel possible.

Abstract: The heat treatment of a continuous band or sheet of metal as the same travels through a plurality of stages in a protective atmosphere, between conveying rollers, by applying direct-current electricity to the rollers for inclusion of the travelling sheet in the circuit therebetween. The charged rollers in the initial stage are spaced more widely from one another than those in the later stage, to compensate for the lower resistivity of the metal in the former, so that the Joule effect or I.sup.2 R factor in the stages are substantially equalized. The protective atmosphere of oxidizing, reducing or inert gases which encompasses the sheet, is confined in chambers of galvanized iron sheeting and the like, the walls of which are in close proximity to the travelling sheet, so that lesser amounts of reacting gases are necessary.

Abstract: The heat treatment of a continuous band or sheet of metal as the same travels through a plurality of stages in a protective atmosphere, between conveying rollers, by applying direct-current electricity to the rollers for inclusion of the travelling sheet in the circuit therebetween. The charged rollers in the initial stage are spaced more widely from one another than those in the later stage, to compensate for the lower resistivity of the metal in the former, so that the Joule effect of I.sup.2 R factor in the stages are substantially equalized. The protective atmosphere of oxidizing, reducing or inert gases which encompasses the sheet, is confined in chambers of galvanized iron sheeting and the like, the walls of which are in close proximity to the travelling sheet, so that lesser amounts of reacting gases are necessary.