Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds, compositions, and methods for the study, diagnosis, and treatment of traits, diseases and conditions that respond to the modulation of gene expression and/or activity, and/or modulate a gene expression pathway. Specifically, the invention relates to double-stranded nucleic acid molecules including small nucleic acid molecules, such as short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecules that are capable of mediating or that mediate RNA interference (RNAi) against target gene expression.

Abstract: A torque enhancer for use between a driving member and a driven member includes a housing and a gear set rotatably supported within the housing. The gear set has an input member, an output member, and a reaction member. Torque is transferred between the input member and the output member when rotation of the reaction member is resisted. A braking element is disposed within the housing and operably engages the reaction member to resist the rotation of the reaction member, thereby causing torque to be transferred between the input member and the output member. A controller means connected to the brake means modulates engagement of the reaction member by the brake means to maximize output member acceleration.