Abstract: A method for measuring the concentration of a gas component in a measuring gas. An absorption line of the gas component is varied as a function of the wavelength of the light of a wavelength-tunable light source within a periodically sequential scanning interval. The absorption line of the gas component is modulated with a frequency (f0). Modulated light is guided through the measuring gas onto a detector. A measurement signal generated by the detector is demodulated upon determining a harmonic (nf0) of the frequency (f0). A measurement result is produced by fitting a setpoint curve to the profile of the demodulated measurement signal. Both demodulated measurement signal and setpoint cure are filtered with the aid of the same filter function. The filter function is operative to suppress noise signal components of the demodulated measurement signal that disturb both signal components of the demodulated measurement signal and the setpoint curve.

Abstract: A method for measuring the concentration of a gas component in a measurement gas using a gas analyzer comprises varying the wavelength of the light of a wavelength-tunable light source within periodically consecutive scan intervals for wavelength-dependent scanning of a gas component absorption line of interest. The method also comprises modulating the wavelength of the light of the wavelength-tunable light source with a frequency, guiding the modulated light through the measurement gas onto a detector and demodulating a measurement signal generated by the detector in the event of a harmonic of the frequency. The method further comprises producing a measurement result by fitting a desired curve to the profile of the demodulated measurement signal. A function orthogonal to the desired curve is provided, and an orthogonal component of the measurement result is produced by fitting the orthogonal function to the profile of the demodulated measurement signal.

Abstract: A method for measuring the concentration of a gas component in a measuring gas. An absorption line of the gas component is varied as a function of the wavelength of the light of a wavelength-tunable light source within a periodically sequential scanning interval. The absorption line of the gas component is modulated with a frequency (f0) Modulated light is guided through the measuring gas onto a detector. A measurement signal generated by the detector is demodulated upon determining a harmonic (nf0) of the frequency (f0). A measurement result is produced by fitting a setpoint curve to the profile of the demodulated measurement signal. Both demodulated measurement signal and setpoint cure are filtered with the aid of the same filter function. The filter function is operative to suppress noise signal components of the demodulated measurement signal that disturb both signal components of the demodulated measurement signal and the setpoint curve.

Abstract: A method for measuring the concentration of a gas component in a measurement gas using a gas analyzer comprises varying the wavelength of the light of a wavelength-tunable light source within periodically consecutive scan intervals for wavelength-dependent scanning of a gas component absorption line of interest. The method also comprises modulating the wavelength of the light of the wavelength-tunable light source with a frequency, guiding the modulated light through the measurement gas onto a detector and demodulating a measurement signal generated by the detector in the event of a harmonic of the frequency. The method further comprises producing a measurement result by fitting a desired curve to the profile of the demodulated measurement signal. A function orthogonal to the desired curve is provided, and an orthogonal component of the measurement result is produced by fitting the orthogonal function to the profile of the demodulated measurement signal.

Abstract: A wavelength modulation spectroscopy method for measuring the concentration of a gas component is provided. A gas sample portion of the light is passed through a reference gas comprising the gas component in a constant concentration. Afterwards, the light is detected by a reference detector. Another portion of the light is passed through the gas sample and thereafter to a measuring detector. The light emitted by the light source is modulated with a frequency, while the wavelength is swept over a molecular absorption line of the gas component. Demodulation of the detector outputs is made at a higher harmonic. In order to compensate for variations of the modulation parameters of the light source in real time, a mathematical description of the demodulated reference detector output based on Fourier analysis of the modulated light and on a mathematical expression for the absorption line is provided.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for storing and analyzing product history data to determine root causes of performance anomalies and/or field failures. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the life history of an integrated product and its constituent components may be consolidated into a master profile. The master profile may include one or more product profiles and behavior profiles that may be generated from data collected over the product's life history. In response to receiving an indication that an integrated product is defective, the master profile may be analyzed to isolate the component of the integrated product that caused the product to be defective.

Abstract: In a wavelength modulation spectroscopy method for measuring the concentration of a gas component in a gas sample a portion of the light of a tunable light source is passed through a reference gas comprising the gas component in a constant concentration. Afterwards the light is detected by a reference detector. Another portion of the light is passed through the gas sample and thereafter to a measuring detector. The light emitted by the light source is modulated with a frequency fm, while the wavelength is swept over a molecular absorption line of the gas component. Demodulation of the detector outputs is made at a higher harmonic Nfm.

Abstract: The manufacture of non-returnable packages is frequently carried out by the conversion of web-shaped, laminated packing material to a tube, filling of the tube with milk, and sealing and forming the filled packing containers to the desired shape. During the forming, which is done by external forming devices, the contents are used as a mandrel or a holder-up for the forming device, so that the desired shape can be achieved without creasing or other deformations. The above-mentioned forming principle works less well if the packing containers are not completely filled, but have a certain air space or headspace. The proportioning of the contents also becomes uncertain and the desired accuracy of volume cannot always be achieved. These difficulties are overcome by the invention wherein a sealed off part of the packing material tube is pressurized with the help of gas during the forming process, so that the internal back pressure required during the forming is obtained, independently of the quantity of contents.