Abstract: Disclosed are an anode including a core part and a binder and a secondary battery including the same. Particularly, a coating layer including a polymer is provided between the core part and the binder and thus blocks electron transport paths from the core part to the binder. Thereby, decomposition of the binder is suppressed, and thus, the charge capacity and the initial Coulombic efficiency of the secondary battery are increased.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for treating a substrate are provided. The apparatus includes at least one first process chamber configured to supply a developer onto the substrate; at least one second process chamber configured to treat the substrate using a supercritical fluid; a transfer chamber configured to transfer the substrate from the at least one first process chamber to the at least one second process chamber, while the developer supplied in the at least one first process chamber remains on the substrate; and a temperature and humidity control system configured to manage temperature and humidity of the transfer chamber by supplying a first gas of constant temperature and humidity into the transfer chamber.

Abstract: A method of determining a training signal so as to facilitate acquisition of symbol sync, frequency offset estimation, and channel estimation in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, and an apparatus and method for receiving a baseband OFDM signal using the training signal are provided.

Abstract: A method of determining a training signal so as to facilitate acquisition of symbol sync, frequency offset estimation, and channel estimation in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, and an apparatus and method for receiving a baseband OFDM signal using the training signal are provided.

Abstract: A carrier recovery apparatus includes a loop filter that converges quickly and corrects a large frequency error. The carrier recovery apparatus includes a multiplier, a matched filter, a phase error detector, a loop filter and a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO). A bandwidth varying circuit varies the bandwidth of the loop filter according to whether the signal output from the matched filter is phase-locked. A frequency error detector detects a frequency error from the output of the matched filter. An adder adds each level of an input sweep signal and the output of the loop filter, and supplies the added results to the NCO. A switch selectively supplies the output of the loop filter to the adder. A controller generates a sweep signal having a plurality of levels and controls turning the switch on and off.