Abstract: A nickel-based active material precursor includes a particulate structure including a core portion, an intermediate layer portion on the core portion, and a shell portion on the intermediate layer portion, wherein the intermediate layer portion and the shell portion include primary particles radially arranged on the core portion, and each of the core portion and the intermediate layer portion includes a cation or anion different from that of the shell portion. The cation includes at least one selected from boron (B), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), tungsten (W), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zirconium (Zr), and aluminium (Al), and the anion includes at least one selected from phosphate (PO4), BO2, B4O7, B3O5, and F.

Abstract: A nickel-based active material precursor for a lithium secondary battery includes: a secondary particle including a plurality of particulate structures, wherein each particulate structure includes a porous core portion and a shell portion, the shell portion including primary particles radially arranged on the porous core portion; and the secondary particle has a plurality of radial centers. When the nickel-based active material precursor is used, a nickel-based positive active material having a short lithium ion diffusion distance, in which intercalation and deintercalation of lithium are facilitated, may be obtained. A lithium secondary battery manufactured using the positive active material may exhibit enhanced lithium availability, and may exhibit enhanced capacity and lifespan due to suppression of crack formation in the active material during charging and discharging.

Abstract: Provided are a nickel-based active material precursor for a lithium secondary battery including: a first porous core; a second core located on the first porous core and having a higher density than that of the first porous core, a shell located on the second core; and having a radial arrangement structure, wherein an amount of nickel included in the first porous core is greater than or equal to an amount of nickel included in the second core, and the amount of nickel included in the second core is greater than an amount of nickel included in the shell, a method of producing the nickel-based active precursor, a nickel-based active material for a lithium secondary battery, obtained from the nickel-based active precursor, and a lithium secondary battery including a cathode containing the nickel-based active material.

Abstract: Provided are a nickel-based active material precursor for a lithium secondary battery including a porous core and a shell on the porous core, the shell having a radial arrangement structure with a higher density than that of the porous core, wherein the nickel-based active material precursor have a size of 9 ?m to 14 ?m, and the porous core has a volume of about 5% by volume to about 20% by volume based on the total volume of the nickel-based active material precursor; a method of preparing the nickel-based active material precursor; a nickel-based active material produced from the nickel-based active material; and a lithium secondary battery including a cathode containing the nickel-based active material.

Abstract: Provided are a nickel-based active material for a lithium secondary battery, a method of preparing the nickel-based active material, and a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode including the nickel-based active material. The nickel-based active material includes at least one secondary particle that includes at least two primary particle structures, the primary particle structures each including a porous inner portion and an outer portion having a radially arranged structure, and the secondary particle including at least two radial centers.

Abstract: Provided are a nickel-based active material, a method of preparing the same, and a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode including the nickel-based active material. The nickel-based active material includes at least one secondary particle including an aggregate of two or more primary particles, wherein at least a portion of the secondary particle has a radial array structure, and a hetero-element compound is positioned between the primary particles.

Abstract: A nickel-based active material for a lithium secondary battery, a method of preparing the nickel-based active material, and a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode including the nickel-based active material, the nickel-based active material comprising a secondary particle having an outer portion with a radially arranged structure and an inner portion with an irregular porous structure, wherein the inner portion of the secondary particle has a larger pore size than the outer portion of the secondary particle.

Abstract: The catalytic efficiency of supported catalysts containing metal nanoparticles is strongly related to the chemical softness at the surfaces of such nanoparticles. Supported catalysts containing platinum nanoparticles having average surface softness values (expressed in scaled units ranging from 0 to 1) between 0.07198 and 0.09247 exhibit high catalytic efficiency. The catalytic efficiency of such platinum nanoparticles for CO oxidation, expressed as the turn-over frequency (TOF), was observed to be on or above 0.03062 s?1. The supported catalysts containing platinum nanoparticles with tighter average surface softness ranges exhibit even higher catalytic efficiencies. The TOF for CO oxidation of platinum nanoparticles having average surface softness values between 0.08031 and 0.08679 was observed to be on or above 0.06554 s?1.

Abstract: The catalytic efficiency of supported catalysts containing metal nanoparticles is strongly related to the chemical softness at the surfaces of such nanoparticles. The chemical softness of a nanoparticle is obtained using results from Density Functional Theory modeling, an extended version of Embedded Atom Method modeling, and continuum modeling based on size and shape of the nanoparticle. A metal nanoparticle of a certain size and shape is first modeled using the extended EAM and EAM parameters that have been validated with results from DFT modeling, to obtain atomic energy densities at each atom location. The chemical softness value at each atom location is then calculated from the atomic energy densities and various parameters that are derived based on results from DFT modeling. The surface chemical softness value is derived from the local chemical softness values based on the geometry and atomistic structure of the metal nanoparticle.