Abstract: A vehicle detection system warns snowmobilers of other approaching vehicles with potential risk of collision. To better prevent accidents, the system calculates collision risks and warns the rider based on level of risk. When riding in groups, a member can press a stop request button to ask the group to slow down. When a member exits the group, everyone in the group will receive a message, alerts or indication with the update. The vehicle detection system utilizes Bluetooth® low energy (BLE), LoRaWAN® technologies and/or global positioning system technologies and is designed to detect other devices in the region and use acquired information to calculate proximity and risk of collision.

Abstract: A method of exposing a sample to an electrical effect for electrochemical analysis of the sample in an electrolyte solution is disclosed. The method comprises causing an external electrical conductor of an electrode head to apply the electrical effect, the external electrical conductor of the electrode head being external to the electrode head and on an external side of the sample exposed to the electrolyte solution. Apparatuses are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of exposing a sample to an electrical effect for electrochemical analysis of the sample in an electrolyte solution is disclosed. The method comprises causing an external electrical conductor of an electrode head to apply the electrical effect, the external electrical conductor of the electrode head being external to the electrode head and on an external side of the sample exposed to the electrolyte solution. Apparatuses are also disclosed.

Abstract: A system and method of sending, receiving and managing messaging data through a shell interface is provided. The system includes a plurality of communication services, at least one messaging client and a host server. The plurality of communication services provides fax, voicemail and/or pager messaging services. The host server provides an interface between the messaging client and the plurality of communication services. The messaging client has a shell interface. A messaging component is installed into the shell interface. At least one messaging entry is displayed through the shell interface. The displayed messaging entry identifies received faxes, voicemails and/or pager messages. One of the received faxes, voicemails and pager messages is selected through the shell interface, and an appropriate communication service is invoked for accessing the selected message.

Abstract: A system and method of sending, receiving and managing messaging data through a shell interface is provided. The system includes a plurality of communication services, at least one messaging client and a host server. The plurality of communication services provides fax, voicemail and/or pager messaging services. The host server provides an interface between the messaging client and the plurality of communication services. The messaging client has a shell interface. A messaging component is installed into the shell interface. At least one messaging entry is displayed through the shell interface. The displayed messaging entry identifies received faxes, voicemails and/or pager messages. One of the received faxes, voicemails and pager messages is selected through the shell interface, and an appropriate communication service is invoked for accessing the selected message.