Abstract: The present invention provides ionic liquids (ILs) comprising a carbohydrate anionic moiety and a cationic counter-ion moiety (Q+) and methods for producing and using the same. In one particular embodiment, the carbohydrate anionic moiety portion of ILs of the present invention is of the formula: (I) wherein G is selected from the group consisting of a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, a trisaccharide, and a derivative thereof; and L is a moiety selected from the group consisting of: (IIA) (IIB) wherein each of Ra, Rb, and Rc is independently hydrogen, C1-18 alkyl, or C2-20 mono- or di-unsaturated alkenyl; ATM is —CO2TM, —PO3HTM, or —SO3TM; and each of * marked carbon atom is independently a chiral center when said carbon atom has four different groups attached thereto.

Abstract: The present disclosure discusses methods for producing stereoisomerically enriched carbohydrate-based surfactants. In particular, methods of the invention include producing stereoisomerically enriched hydrophobic portion of the carbohydrate-based surfactants.

Abstract: The present invention provides carbohydrate-based surfactants and methods for producing the same. Methods for producing carbohydrate-based surfactants include using a glycosylation promoter to link a carbohydrate or its derivative to a hydrophobic compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides carbohydrate-based surfactants and methods for producing the same. Methods for producing carbohydrate-based surfactants include using a glycosylation promoter to link a carbohydrate or its derivative to a hydrophobic compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides carbohydrate-based surfactants and methods for producing the same. Methods for producing carbohydrate-based surfactants include using a glycosylation promoter to link a carbohydrate or its derivative to a hydrophobic compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides carbohydrate-based surfactants and methods for producing the same. Methods for producing carbohydrate-based surfactants include using a glycosylation promoter to link a carbohydrate or its derivative to a hydrophobic compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides carbohydrate-based surfactants and methods for producing the same. Methods for producing carbohydrate-based surfactants include using a glycosylation promoter to link a carbohydrate or its derivative to a hydrophobic compound.

Abstract: An implantable electrode and electrode system for contacting living biological material that includes an electrode assembly including at least a portion of the electrode, adapted to contact the living biological material at an electrode/tissue interface, exhibiting conduction that is substantially limited to electron or electron vacancy conduction. The implantable electrode is manufactured by coupling an electrode to a distal end of a conductor, and forming at least one surface of the electrode with a material that conducts electricity in a manner that is substantially limited to electron or electron vacancy conduction when the at least one surface is in contact with the living matter.

Abstract: An implantable electrode and electrode system for contacting living biological material that includes an electrode assembly including at least a portion of the electrode, adapted to contact the living biological material at an electrode/tissue interface, exhibiting conduction that is substantially limited to electron or electron vacancy conduction.