Abstract: Systems and methods for automated historical risk assessment for risk mitigation in online access control are provided. An entity assessment server can receive a request to assess a risk indicator change from a first risk indicator to a second risk indicator. For each attribute used to generate the first risk indicator and second risk indicator, a first impact can be determined for changing from the first risk indicator to a third risk indicator between the first risk indicator and the second risk indicator. A second impact similarly can be determined for changing from the third risk indicator to the second risk indicator. Aggregating the first impact and the second impact can determine a total impact of each attribute. Assessment results can be generated to include a list of attributes ordered according to the respective total impact and transmitted to a remote computing device for use in improving the risk indicator.

Abstract: A method of producing particles containing metal oxide for use in semiconductor devices may include heating metal-containing particles in a flame produced by a mixture of oxygen and a fuel component comprising at least one combustible gas selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbons. The oxygen may be present in the mixture in a proportion of not less than 10 mole % below, and not more than 60 mole % above, a stoichiometric amount relative to the fuel component, so as to oxidize metal in at least an outer shell of the particles. The method may include cooling the oxidized particles by feeding them into a liquid, collecting the cooled oxidized particles; and providing a distance between entry of the particles into the flame and collection of the particles of at least 300 mm.

Abstract: A method of producing particles containing metal oxide is disclosed that includes heating metal-containing particles to oxidize metal in at least an outer shell of the particles; cooling oxidized particles; collecting the particles; and providing a distance of at least 300 mm between entry of the particles into the flame and collection of the particles. Particles may be oxidized to provide a metal oxide shell over an unoxidized metal core. A semiconductive layer of particles on a substrate may be formed by feeding, to a hot zone, such preoxidized particles; heating the particles to render the particles at least partially molten; and depositing the particles onto the substrate. The oxidation process may provide metal oxide particles in which different metals having different valencies are present in different proportions. The valencies and proportions may be selected to provide n- or p-type semiconductor layers.

Abstract: A method for forming an electrical heating element by flame spraying a metal/metallic oxide matrix, wherein a flame sprayed metal/metallic oxide matrix is deposited onto an insulating or conductive substrate such as to have a higher resistance than is required for a designed use, and an intermittently pulsed high voltage DC supply is applied across the matrix such as to produce continuous electrically conductive paths through the matrix which permanently increase the overall conduction and simultaneously reduce the overall resistance of the metal/metallic matrix to achieve a desired resistance value.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a self-regulating electrical resistance heating element, to an appliance containing same, and to processes for their manufacture. The self regulating electrical resistance heating element comprises: a non-electrically conductive substrate (12); a first metal oxide (14) having a positive or negative temperature coefficient of resistance below a predetermined operating temperature deposited on said substrate; a second metal oxide (16) having a temperature coefficient of resistance opposite to that of said first metal oxide deposited on said substrate adjacent said first metal oxide; and first and second electrical contacts (18; 20) disposed such that a current can pass between the contacts through the first and second metal oxides. By placing the respective metal oxides, in e.g.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a self-regulating electrical resistance heating element, to an appliance containing same, and to processes for their manufacture. The self regulating electrical resistance heating element (10) comprises a substrate (12) comprising an electrically conductive coating (12a) which serves as a first electrical contact (18) on one side of the composite metal oxide layers. Disposed on said electrically conductive layer (12a) is a first metal oxide (14) which has a positive temperature coefficient of resistance. Overlaying the first metal oxide layer, and in electrical series thereto, is a second metal oxide layer (16) having a negative temperature coefficient of resistance and overlaying this layer is a second electrical contact (20). The second metal oxide layer (16) having a negative temperature coefficient of resistance is applied to the element in a manner which ensures it's resistive characteristics are not altered.

Abstract: A method of producing particles containing metal oxide for use in semiconductor devices includes the steps of heating metal-containing particles in a flame produced by a mixture of oxygen and a fuel component comprising at least one combustible gas selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbons, the oxygen being present in the mixture in a proportion of not less than 10 mole % below, and not more than 60 mole % above, a stoichiometric amount relative to the fuel component, so as to oxidize metal in at least an outer shell of the particles; cooling the oxidized particles by feeding them into a liquid or sublimable solid medium; collecting the cooled oxidized particles; and providing a distance between entry of the particles into the flame and collection of the particles of at least 300 mm. In this manner, such particles may be oxidized so as to provide a shell of metal oxide material which leaving unoxidized a core of metal.

Abstract: A method for forming an electrical heating element by flame spraying a metal/metallic oxide matrix, wherein a flame sprayed metal/metallic oxide matrix is deposited onto an insulating or conductive substrate such as to have a higher resistance than is required for a designed use, and an intermittently pulsed high voltage DC supply is applied across the matrix such as to produce continuous electrically conductive paths through the matrix which permanently increase the overall conduction and simultaneously reduce the overall resistance of the metal/metallic matrix to achieve a desired resistance value.

Abstract: A method of producing semi-conductive, electrical resistive heating elements comprising metal oxides, preferably binary metal oxides whereby the two metals are of different valencies and the conductivity of the binary oxide system is determined by the compositioned ratio of the two metals having different valencies and the degree of oxidation, and electrically resistive heating elements so produced.

Abstract: An electrically resistive heating element for liquids and a method of fabricating same. The heating element comprises a substrate formed of an electrically insulating material or formed of an electrically conductive material provided with an electrically insulating coating, whereby in both cases the substrate presents an electrically non-conductive surface on at least one side. First and second laterally spaced contact areas are disposed over the electrically non-conductive surface and a thermally sprayed resistive oxide layer is applied to the electrically non-conductive surface and disposed over or under parts of the contact areas to enable an electric current to be passed through the resistive oxide layer via these first and second contact areas.

Abstract: A method of forming an electrical heating element in the form of an electrically non-conductive supporting body onto which an electrically resistive material is deposited, the method comprising the steps of preparing a dry metal powder of irregularly shaped metal particles of widely varying sizes, in the range 20-150 microns, roughening the surface of a supporting body onto which a heating element is to be formed, pre-heating said surface of the supporting body to a temperature within the range of 150.degree.-250.degree. C. and flame spraying the dry metal powder onto said heated surface of the supporting body in a plurality of passes over the supporting body. The effective resistivity of the flame sprayed deposit is predetermined by adjusting the amount of oxidation on the surfaces of the metallic particles sprayed onto the supporting body.