Abstract: An apparatus contains at least one pressure-rated apparatus shell and at least one modular framework system containing ceramic fiber composite materials and arranged within the apparatus shell. A modular lining apparatus includes the modular framework system and refractory bricks. The apparatus can be used for high-temperature reactors, especially electrically heated high-temperature reactors.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrically heatable packed pressure-bearing apparatus for conducting endothermic reactions having an upper (3), middle (1) and lower (3) apparatus section, where at least one pair of electrodes (4, 5) in a vertical arrangement is installed in the middle section (1) and all electrodes are disposed in an electrically conductive solid-state packing (26), the upper and lower apparatus sections have a specific conductivity of 105 S/m to 108 S/m, and the middle apparatus section is electrically insulated against the solid-state packing, wherein the upper and lower apparatus sections are electrically insulated from the middle apparatus section, the upper electrode is connected via the upper apparatus section and the lower electrodes via the lower apparatus section or the electrodes are each connected via one or more connecting elements (10, 16) that are in electrical contact with these sections and the ratio of the cross-sectional areas of the upper and lower electrode to the cr

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for conducting endothermic gas phase or gas-solid reactions, wherein the endothermic reaction is conducted in a production phase in a first reactor zone, the production zone, which is at least partly filled with solid particles, where the solid particles are in the form of a fixed bed, of a moving bed and in sections/or in the form of a fluidized bed, and the product-containing gas stream is drawn off from the production zone in the region of the highest temperature level plus/minus 200 K and the product-containing gas stream is guided through a second reactor zone, the heat recycling zone, which at least partly comprises a fixed bed, where the heat from the product-containing gas stream is stored in the fixed bed, and, in the subsequent purge step, a purge gas is guided through the production zone and the heat recycling zone in the same flow direction, and, in a heating zone disposed between the production zone and the heat recycling zone, the heat required for the

Abstract: A process can be used for performing a pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in a rotary drum reactor at a temperature in the range of from 600 to 1800° C. The heat for the endothermic pyrolysis is provided by resistive heating of at least one particulate electrically conductive material introduced into said rotary drum reactor and moved through the rotary drum reactor with a flow of a hydrocarbon. The rotary drum reactor contains (A) an inner wall made of electrically insulated material, (B) a pressure-bearing outer wall, and (C) an electrical heating system attached to the inner wall and/or at least one integrated electrically conducting electrode pair. The at least one electrode pair is located at both ends of the inner wall of the rotary drum.

Abstract: An apparatus contains at least one pressure-rated apparatus shell and at least one modular framework system containing ceramic fiber composite materials and arranged within the apparatus shell. A modular lining apparatus includes the modular framework system and. refractory bricks. The apparatus can be used for high-temperature reactors, especially electrically heated high-temperature reactors.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrically heatable packed pressure-bearing apparatus for conducting endothermic reactions having an upper (3), middle (1) and lower (3) apparatus section, where at least one pair of electrodes (4, 5) in a vertical arrangement is installed in the middle section (1) and all electrodes are disposed in an electrically conductive solid-state packing (26), the upper and lower apparatus sections have a specific conductivity of 105 S/m to 108 S/m, and the middle apparatus section is electrically insulated against the solid-state packing, wherein the upper and lower apparatus sections are electrically insulated from the middle apparatus section, the upper electrode is connected via the upper apparatus section and the lower electrodes via the lower apparatus section or the electrodes are each connected via one or more connecting elements (10, 16) that are in electrical contact with these sections and the ratio of the cross-sectional areas of the upper and lower electrode to the cr

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for conducting endothermic gas phase or gas-solid reactions, wherein the endothermic reaction is conducted in a production phase in a first reactor zone, the production zone, which is at least partly filled with solid particles, where the solid particles are in the form of a fixed bed, of a moving bed and in sections/or in the form of a fluidized bed, and the product-containing gas stream is drawn off from the production zone in the region of the highest temperature level plus/minus 200 K and the product-containing gas stream is guided through a second reactor zone, the heat recycling zone, which at least partly comprises a fixed bed, where the heat from the product-containing gas stream is stored in the fixed bed, and, in the subsequent purge step, a purge gas is guided through the production zone and the heat recycling zone in the same flow direction, and, in a heating zone disposed between the production zone and the heat recycling zone, the heat required for the

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of carrying out heat-consuming processes, wherein the total energy required averaged over a year for the heat-consuming process originates from at least two different energy sources, where one of the energy sources is an electric energy source whose power varies in the range from 0 to 100% of the total power required, and three different energy modes can individually provide the total power required for the heat-consuming process: (i) exclusively electric energy, (ii) a mixture of electric energy and at least one further nonelectric energy source or (iii) exclusively nonelectric energy, where the changeover time in which the change from one energy mode to another energy mode is completed is not more than 30 minutes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for utilizing a hydrocarbon-comprising and/or carbon dioxide-comprising coproduct gas, accompanying gas and/or biogas, wherein hydrocarbon-comprising and/or carbon dioxide-comprising coproduct gas, accompanying gas and/or biogas is introduced into a reaction space and the multicomponent mixture comprised in the coproduct gas, accompanying gas and/or biogas is converted in a high-temperature zone at temperatures of more than 1000° C. and in the presence of a carrier into a product gas mixture which comprises more than 95% by volume of CO, CO2, H2, H2O, CH4 and N2 and optionally into a carbon-comprising solid which is deposited to an extent of at least 75% by weight, based on the total mass of the carbon-comprising solid, on the carrier where the flow velocity of the gas mixture of coproduct gas, accompanying gas and/or biogas in the reaction zone is less than 20 m/s.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the parallel preparation of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a carbon-comprising product, wherein one or more hydrocarbons are thermally decomposed and at least part of the pyrolysis gas formed is taken off from the reaction zone of the decomposition reactor at a temperature of from 800 to 1400° C. and reacted with carbon dioxide to form a gas mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen (synthesis gas).

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the parallel preparation of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a carbon-comprising product, wherein one or more hydrocarbons are thermally decomposed and at least part of the pyrolysis gas formed is taken off from the reaction zone of the decomposition reactor at a temperature of from 800 to 1400° C. and reacted with carbon dioxide to form a gas mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen (synthesis gas).

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for utilizing a hydrocarbon-comprising and/or carbon dioxide-comprising coproduct gas, accompanying gas and/or biogas, wherein hydrocarbon-comprising and/or carbon dioxide-comprising coproduct gas, accompanying gas and/or biogas is introduced into a reaction space and the multicomponent mixture comprised in the coproduct gas, accompanying gas and/or biogas is converted in a high-temperature zone at temperatures of more than 1000° C. and in the presence of a carrier into a product gas mixture which comprises more than 95% by volume of CO, CO2, H2, H2O, CH4 and N2 and optionally into a carbon-comprising solid which is deposited to an extent of at least 75% by weight, based on the total mass of the carbon-comprising solid, on the carrier where the flow velocity of the gas mixture of coproduct gas, accompanying gas and/or biogas in the reaction zone is less than 20 m/s.

Abstract: Process for preparing hydrocyanic acid by thermolysis of gaseous formamide in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst, wherein a) the catalyst is (i) an aluminum oxide catalyst which comprises from 90 to 100% by weight, preferably from 99 to 100% by weight, of aluminum oxide as component A, from 0 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0 to 1% by weight, of silicon dioxide as component B and from 0 to not more than 0.1% by weight of iron or iron-comprising compounds as component C, where the total sum of the components A, B and C is 100% by weight, and has (ii) a BET surface area, measured in accordance with DIN ISO 9277: 2003 May, of <1 m2/g and is (iii) heat treated at temperatures of >1400° C. for from 1 to 30 hours, preferably ?1500° C. for from 1 to 30 hours, particularly preferably at from 1500° C. to 1800° C.

Abstract: Process for preparing hydrocyanic acid by catalytic dehydration of gaseous formamide in at least one main reactor and a downstream after-reactor and also the use of an after-reactor in a process for preparing hydrocyanic acid by catalytic dehydration of gaseous formamide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the parallel preparation of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a carbon-comprising product, wherein one or more hydrocarbons are thermally decomposed and at least part of the pyrolysis gas formed is taken off from the reaction zone of the decomposition reactor at a temperature of from 800 to 1400° C. and reacted with carbon dioxide to form a gas mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen (synthesis gas).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of carrying out heat-consuming processes, wherein the total energy required averaged over a year for the heat-consuming process originates from at least two different energy sources, where one of the energy sources is an electric energy source whose power varies in the range from 0 to 100% of the total power required, and three different energy modes can individually provide the total power required for the heat-consuming process: (i) exclusively electric energy, (ii) a mixture of electric energy and at least one further nonelectric energy source or (iii) exclusively nonelectric energy, where the changeover time in which the change from one energy mode to another energy mode is completed is not more than 30 minutes.

Abstract: A total evaporator for fluids, including a cold chamber to prevent pre-evaporation, an evaporation region connected thereto having narrow flow cross-section for fast evaporation of the fluid, and a subsequent vapor chamber for pulsation damping and the controlled superheating of the vapor, the evaporation region being formed by a gap between concentrically nested cylindrical and/or conical tube sections and heat required for the evaporation and superheating processes is supplied by electric heating and/or by hot fluid and/or by catalytic or homogeneous combustion via the wall of the concentric tubes.

Abstract: A total evaporator for fluids, including a cold chamber to prevent pre-evaporation, an evaporation region connected thereto having narrow flow cross-section for fast evaporation of the fluid, and a subsequent vapor chamber for pulsation damping and the controlled superheating of the vapor, the evaporation region being formed by a gap between concentrically nested cylindrical and/or conical tube sections and heat required for the evaporation and superheating processes is supplied by electric heating and/or by hot fluid and/or by catalytic or homogeneous combustion via the wall of the concentric tubes.