Abstract: The aim of the invention is to reduce exhaust emission during the staring phase of a direct-injection internal combustion engine. For this purpose, at least one first injection per working cycle takes place when the internal combustion engine is cold, especially during the starting and/or warm-up phase, thereby producing a substantially homogeneous, combustible fuel/air mixture (56) in the combustion chamber (12). In the same working cycle at least one further injection is supposed to take place which produces a substantially rich fuel/air mixture (64) in the zone of the ignition device (34). The lambda value of the fuel/air mixture (64) produced by the second injection in the zone of the ignition device (34) is smaller than the lambda value of the fuel/air mixture (56) present in the remaining combustion chamber.

Abstract: A heating of a catalytic converter in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine is presented which can be operated in different operating modes and wherein at least one of several heating measures can be selected so that, at first, an estimate can be made for several heating measures as to whether an individual heating measure can make the desired heating effect available and that it is further estimated whether an individual heating method can be carried out in the instantaneous operating state with a view to the exhaust-gas values and the operating mode of the internal combustion engine, which is necessary for carrying out the heating measure; and that that operating mode is requested wherein the requests can best be satisfied and that at least one possible heating measure is activated in dependence upon the instantaneous mode of operation. The invention further is directed to an electronic control unit for carrying out the method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating an internal combustion engine, especially for motor vehicles, the engine having a catalytic converter; in the method, for heating up the catalytic converter, there is a switchover between a homogeneous operating mode with a one-time injection of fuel into a combustion chamber of the engine and an operating mode with subdivided injection of fuel at at least two injection time points into the combustion chamber of the engine; wherein, for subdivided injections, both injection time points lie ahead of an ignition of an air/fuel mixture, the first injection time point essentially corresponds to the injection time point of the homogeneous operating mode during the switchover operation from the homogeneous operating mode to the operating mode with subdivided injection, and the second injection time point of the subdivided injection takes place at first so early that the mixture arising during operation with subdivided injection corresponds approximately to a homogeneo

Abstract: A method for heating up a catalytic converter in internal combustion engines having gasoline direct injection is presented and has the steps: shifting the ignition toward retard; checking whether the charge of the cylinders with air exceeds a pregiven threshold; and, dividing the fuel injection into two component quantities which are injected in advance of the ignition when the air charge exceeds the threshold.

Abstract: A method is introduced for compensating for mismatches of the precontrol of a fuel metering for an internal combustion engine[,].A [−a] regulation being superimposed on the precontrol[,].At [− and at] least one correction quantity being formed, from the behavior of the regulation at high temperatures of the internal combustion engine, which influences the fuel metering even at low temperatures of the internal combustion engine in a supplementing [way] manner to the superimposed regulation for compensating for the mismatches[, and − at] At low temperatures a further correction quantity is formed which acts upon the fuel metering, and [−] whose effect at low temperatures of the internal combustion engine is greater than at high temperatures.

Abstract: A method for heating a catalytic converter in internal combustion engines is introduced wherein: an index for the temperature of the catalytic converter is formed; below a predetermined temperature of the catalytic converter, a first heating measure takes place wherein the temperature of the exhaust gas is increased; and, above the predetermined temperature, alternatively or supplementary to the first heating measure, a second heating measure takes place wherein a reaction-capable mixture is supplied to the catalytic converter in addition to the exhaust gas and the reaction of this mixture releases heat in the catalytic converter.

Abstract: A heating of a catalytic converter in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine is presented which can be operated in different operating modes and wherein at least one of several heating measures can be selected so that, at first, an estimate can be made for several heating measures as to whether an individual heating measure can make the desired heating effect available and that it is further estimated whether an individual heating method can be carried out in the instantaneous operating state with a view to the exhaust-gas values and the operating mode of the internal combustion engine, which is necessary for carrying out the heating measure; and that that operating mode is requested wherein the requests can best be satisfied and that at least one possible heating measure is activated in dependence upon the instantaneous mode of operation. The invention further is directed to an electronic control unit for carrying out the method.

Abstract: A method for influencing the exhaust gas temperature of an internal combustion is described in which measures can be carried out for increasing, lowering and limiting exhaust gas temperature. Depending on temperature requirements, and in which method these temperature requirements are prioritized, the temperature limitation having the highest priority for ensuring protection of the component parts, the resulting temperature requirement may be achieved by heating measures or cooling measures in such a way that heating measures and cooling measures are not applied at the same time.

Abstract: Hemorrhagic shock and in other conditions associated with excessive vasoconstriction, such as hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, cirrhosis of the liver, or certain forms of angina pectoris can be treated by using agonists of CB1 receptors as well as other cannabinoid receptors. In addition, it has been determined that in septic shock and cirrhosis of the liver when hypotension is due to activation of macrophages by bacterial endotoxin, the use of a drug that selectively blocks CB1 receptors or other cannabinoid receptors may be of therapeutic value by preventing or attenuating the endotoxin-induced hypotension.