Abstract: Provided in the present invention are the maintenance of the programmed chronic liver injury of FAH gene-deficient animals and an application thereof in the preparation of heterologous liver models. The present invention discloses a programmed NTBC controlling (NTBCP) scheme with a fixed cycle period, the scheme enabling animal models to survive for a long time in a state of chronic liver injury, and being capable of achieving a high heterologous replacement rate after a heterologous hepatocyte transplantation is performed.

Abstract: A bipolar electrode comprises an intermediate layer comprising one or more carbon materials. The bipolar electrode further comprises first and second layers disposed on opposite surfaces of the intermediate layer and configured to act as an anode and a cathode. The first and second layers comprise at least one of one or more electrically conductive carbon materials and one or more conductive polymers. A supercapacitor desalination device and a method for making the bipolar electrode are also presented.

Abstract: A supercapacitor has a first electrode, a second electrode, a first ionic carrier configured to contact the first electrode to provide a first ion-conductive pathway for transportation of ions to and from the first electrode, and a first retaining layer configured to retain the first ionic carrier between the first electrode and the first retaining layer. The supercapacitor also has an electrolyte dispersed between the first and the second electrodes to provide the ions, a first current collector configured to contact the first electrode and a second current collector configured to contact the second electrode. A method for making the supercapacitor is also presented.

Abstract: Methods for preparing an electrode comprise: providing a mixture of carbon particles and a solvent and shearing the mixture to form a dispersion of the carbon particles in the solvent; adding non-fibrillated POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) to the dispersion to provide a resultant mixture and shearing the resultant mixture until at least a portion of the poly(tetrafluoroethylene) has been fibrillated; processing the resultant mixture into a sheet; and attaching the sheet onto a current collector. Methods for preparing sheet for the electrode and composition for the sheet are also provided.

Abstract: An electrochemical method for measuring the concentration of an anionically-charged and non-electroactive polymer in an aqueous solution is provided. The method comprises immobilizing a cationic dye material on an electrically conductive substrate form a working electrode; contacting the working electrode with the aqueous solution including the anionically-charged and non-electroactive polymer to be measured, and transmitting electrical power to the working electrode; measuring a current of the working electrode under a determined electric potential; and calculating a concentration or quantity of the anionically-charged polymer in the aqueous solution according to the measured current of the working electrode.

Abstract: Methods for preparing an electrode comprise: providing a mixture of carbon particles and a solvent and shearing the mixture to form a dispersion of the carbon particles in the solvent; adding non-fibrillated POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) to the dispersion to provide a resultant mixture and shearing the resultant mixture until at least a portion of the poly(tetrafluoroethylene) has been fibrillated; processing the resultant mixture into a sheet; and attaching the sheet onto a current collector. Methods for preparing sheet for the electrode and composition for the sheet are also provided.

Abstract: The supercapacitor comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, a first ionic carrier configured to contact the first electrode to provide a first ion-conductive pathway for transportation of ions to and from the first electrode, and a first retaining layer configured to retain the first ionic carrier between the first electrode and the first retaining layer. Further, the supercapacitor comprises an electrolyte dispersed between the first and the second electrodes to provide the ions, a first current collector configured to contact the first electrode and a second current collector configured to contact the second electrode. A method for making the supercapacitor is also presented.

Abstract: A bipolar electrode comprises an intermediate layer comprising one or more carbon materials. The bipolar electrode further comprises first and second layers disposed on opposite surfaces of the intermediate layer and configured to act as an anode and a cathode. The first and second layers comprise at least one of one or more electrically conductive carbon materials and one or more conductive polymers. A supercapacitor desalination device and a method for making the bipolar electrode are also presented.

Abstract: An electrochemical method for measuring the concentration of an anionically-charged and non-electroactive polymer in an aqueous solution is provided. The method comprises immobilizing a cationic dye material on an electrically conductive substrate form a working electrode; contacting the working electrode with the aqueous solution including the anionically-charged and non-electroactive polymer to be measured, and transmitting electrical power to the working electrode; measuring a current of the working electrode under a determined electric potential; and calculating a concentration or quantity of the anionically-charged polymer in the aqueous solution according to the measured current of the working electrode.

Abstract: Example systems and methods of a television user interface include a channel list vertically disposed on a television screen, an input device for receiving inputs for selecting a channel on the channel list, and an information bar horizontally disposed on the television screen in correspondence with a selected channel, wherein the information bar provides information about programming on the selected channel.

Abstract: A channel list is generated based, for example, on tuning operations of a tuner of a television. An interface displays at least a portion of the channel list and allows for user-selection of a channel from the channel list so that the selected channel may be tuned.