Abstract: A pre-chamber component for an internal combustion engine includes a chamber for accommodating an air-fuel-mixture to be ignited, wherein the pre-chamber component includes a first opening into the chamber for arranging an ignition device, in particular a spark plug, and a second opening for introducing the air-fuel-mixture in the form of a mixture flow into the chamber. The pre-chamber component includes a mixture flow guiding device, which is shaped such that the mixture flow of the air-fuel-mixture in the chamber is oriented substantially transversely with respect to a longitudinal axis from the second opening of the chamber to at least a part of the chamber adjacent to the first opening and/or in the form of a turbulent flow.

Abstract: Piston for an internal combustion engine, preferably a gas engine comprising a pre-chamber, comprising a piston crown limiting the piston on a side facing a cylinder head when the piston is arranged inside an internal combustion engine, wherein the piston crown comprises at least one piston bowl which has a lower surface level than a radial edge region of the piston crown, wherein the piston bowl comprises a depth (d), which is defined by the distance between the radial edge region and the lower surface level of the piston bowl measured parallel to central elevation which has a height (H), wherein the height (H) of the central elevation equals the depth (d) of the piston bowl plus/minus 50%, preferably 20%, of the depth (d) of the piston bowl.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine comprising: a main combustion chamber comprising at least one intake valve and at least one exhaust valve, wherein at least one intake port fluidically connected to an intake manifold is configured to supply an air and/or an air-fuel-mixture to the main combustion chamber via the at least one intake valve, and a pre-chamber which is in fluid connection with the main combustion chamber, wherein the pre-chamber is in fluid connection with the intake port and/or the intake manifold through a supply line, wherein at least one fuel injector is configured to enrich the air and/or air-fuel-mixture supplied to the main combustion chamber to have a lower ignition delay than an air-fuel-mixture supplied to the pre-chamber and/or air or air-fuel-mixture can be supplied to the pre-chamber to have a higher ignition delay than an air-fuel-mixture supplied to the main combustion chamber.

Abstract: Internal combustion engine with at least one turbocharger having a compressor, a bypass valve by means of which the compressor can be bypassed by at least a partial flow of a fuel mixture provided for the combustion, and a control or regulating unit connected to the bypass valve for regulating or controlling a degree of opening of the bypass valve, whereby the control or regulating unit is designed to open and/or at least partially keep open the bypass valve when starting the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A method of operating an internal combustion engine with at least one piston-cylinder unit, and preferably a plurality of the piston-cylinder units, whereby, in a detection mode of the internal combustion engine one or more knock-promoting measures are taken until knocking has occurred in at least one piston-cylinder unit, and the measure(s) is/are intensified until a termination criterion is reached, whereby it is detected in which of the piston-cylinder units knocking has occurred, and whereby, in piston-cylinder units detected as knocking, the ignition time for a normal operating mode of the internal combustion engine is retarded.

Abstract: A method of operating an internal combustion engine with at least one piston-cylinder unit, and preferably a plurality of the piston-cylinder units, whereby, in a detection mode of the internal combustion engine one or more knock-promoting measures are taken until knocking has occurred in at least one piston-cylinder unit, and the measure(s) is/are intensified until a termination criterion is reached, whereby it is detected in which of the piston-cylinder units knocking has occurred, and whereby, in piston-cylinder units detected as knocking, the ignition time for a normal operating mode of the internal combustion engine is retarded.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a circuit arrangement for thermal protection of a power semiconductor, wherein there is provided a two-stage thermal protection in the control circuit and in the load circuit of the power semiconductor. A first stage (10) with temperature-dependent resistance device serves for reducing or switching off the control voltage of the power semiconductor (30) when a first threshold temperature is reached at the temperature-dependent resistance device. In addition, provided in the load circuit of the power semiconductor (30) is a second stage (20) with a cutout element thermally coupled to the power semiconductor (30) for interrupting a load current of the power semiconductor when a second threshold temperature is reached at the cutout element. In that case the first stage forms an active temperature protection for the power semiconductor (30) to avoid damage and the second stage forms a temperature protection in the case of a malfunction of the power semiconductor (30).

Abstract: Internal combustion engine with at least one turbocharger having a compressor, a bypass valve by means of which the compressor can be bypassed by at least a partial flow of a fuel mixture provided for the combustion, and a control or regulating unit connected to the bypass valve for regulating or controlling a degree of opening of the bypass valve, whereby the control or regulating unit is designed to open and/or at least partially keep open the bypass valve when starting the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: An ophthalmological laser treatment device including a laser system, an examination system for collecting information on the structure of the eye, a positioning system for controlling a therapy laser beam and electromagnetic or mechanical examination waves and a patient interface. The invention further relates to a calibration method and to a treatment method. The invention provides as device and a method, by application of which calibration of treatment laser beam and electromagnetic or mechanical examination waves and optionally optical images can be carried out automatably and repeatedly. An ophthalmological laser treatment device, includes a detection system having a detector and an observation volume configured for the repeatable spatially resolving detection and joint representation of the signals of the treatment laser beam striking the observation volume and the electromagnetic or mechanical examination waves, by corresponding calibration method and laser treatment method, and by a patient interface.

Abstract: A method of starting up a thermoreactor arranged in an exhaust gas flow of an internal combustion engine includes igniting combustion gas by spark ignition in at least one cylinder of the internal combustion engine. The exhaust gas resulting from the combustion of the combustion gas is fed at least partially to the thermoreactor as an exhaust gas flow. The temperature of the exhaust gas resulting from combustion of the combustion gas is increased by the moment in time of the spark ignition being selected later in comparison with a present moment in time.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a circuit arrangement for thermal protection of a power semiconductor, wherein there is provided a two-stage thermal protection in the control circuit and in the load circuit of the power semiconductor. A first stage (10) with temperature-dependent resistance device serves for reducing or switching off the control voltage of the power semiconductor (30) when a first threshold temperature is reached at the temperature-dependent resistance device. In addition, provided in the load circuit of the power semiconductor (30) is a second stage (20) with a cutout element thermally coupled to the power semiconductor (30) for interrupting a load current of the power semiconductor when a second threshold temperature is reached at the cutout element. In that case the first stage forms an active temperature protection for the power semiconductor (30) to avoid damage and the second stage forms a temperature protection in the case of a malfunction of the power semiconductor (30).

Abstract: A method of starting up a thermoreactor arranged in an exhaust gas flow of an internal combustion engine includes igniting combustion gas by spark ignition in at least one cylinder of the internal combustion engine. The exhaust gas resulting from the combustion of the combustion gas is fed at least partially to the thermoreactor as an exhaust gas flow. The temperature of the exhaust gas resulting from combustion of the combustion gas is increased by the moment in time of the spark ignition being selected later in comparison with a present moment in time.

Abstract: A spark plug includes a center electrode and a ground electrode. The center electrode is arranged relative to the ground electrode in such a way that the spark gap extends between the ground electrode and the center electrode. The spark gap is surrounded by a wall, wherein the wall has a recess or hole, which is designed in such a way that a feeler gauge can be inserted between the center electrode and the ground electrode.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided, with which a first 3D representation, for example on the basis of a laser scanning micrograph, with a second 3D representation, for example on the basis of an optical micrograph, are represented in superimposed manner on a suitable 3D display. Methods and apparatuses of such a type can be used, in particular, for the purpose of cutting objects.

Abstract: The invention relates to a spark plug, comprising a center electrode and a ground electrode, wherein the center electrode is arranged relative to the ground electrode in such a way that the spark gap extends between the ground electrode and the center electrode, wherein the spark gap is surrounded by a wall, wherein the wall has a recess or opening, which is designed in such a way that a feeler gauge can be inserted between the center electrode and the ground electrode.

Abstract: A laser ignition arrangement for an internal combustion engine, in particular for a gas Otto engine, comprising at least one pump light source (1) and at least one laser resonator (2) which is longitudinally pumped by the pump light source (1) and in particular passively Q-switched, and in particular comprising at least one coupling-in optical means (3) for coupling pump light (4) of the pump light source (1) into the laser resonator (2), wherein preferably at a focus (6) of the coupling-in optical means (3), a first beam diameter (12) of the pump light (4) which is introduced or which is to be introduced into the laser resonator (2), measured at a pump light intensity (I0,6) of 60% of the maximum pump light intensity (Imax), is at least 80%, preferably at least 85% of a second beam diameter (13), measured at a pump light intensity (I0,135) of 13.5% of the maximum pump light intensity (Imax).