Abstract: A method for generating a tree structure representation of a generalized graph structure for display includes the more important links in the representation. Usage parameters are referenced in generating the tree structure from the generalized graph structure. Frequency, recency, spacing of accesses, and path information are exemplary types of usage parameters. A breadth-first or depth-first traversal of the graph references usage parameters associated with each node or link. The usage parameters which are associated with each node are referenced in order to determine the visitation order. The visitation order is determined by visiting the highest used nodes or links first. A method of displaying the tree structure references the usage parameters to determine the positioning of the nodes in the layout of the tree structure. In a preferred embodiment, the root node is positioned in the center of the layout. In one example, sibling nodes are spread out on links which emanate radially about their parent.

Abstract: A method for displaying in a coherent manner the changes over time of a web site's structure, usage, and content is disclosed. Time tubes are generated by a method of displaying a related series of graphs. Time tubes illustrate changes in a graph that undergoes one or more transformations from one state to another. The transformations are displayed using the length of the cylindrical tube, filling the length of the time tube with planar slices which represent the data at various stages of the transformations. Time tubes may encode several dimensions of the transformations simultaneously by altering the representation of size, color, and layout among the planar slices. Temporal transformations occur when web pages are added or deleted over time. Value-based transformations include node colors, which may be used to encode a specific page's usage parameter. Spatial transformations include the scaling of physical dimension as graphs expand or contract in size.

Abstract: A primary body of data is displayable on a screen and a supporting body of data is relatable to an annotation tag present in the primary body of textual data. An annotation tag having a predetermined size in the primary body of data is selected, and negotiations ensue between the primary body of data and the supporting body to determine a space into which the supporting body of data can be fitted while maintaining a substantially unobstructed view of the primary body of data. Generally, this negotiated space is sized larger than the original predetermined size of the annotation tag. An animation sequence is used to position the supporting body of data in the negotiated space.

Abstract: Selected regions of an electronically modifiable display are fixed while other regions are left electronically modifiable. The selected regions are fixed by various methods including subjecting the selected regions to heat, light or pressure. In some embodiments, the fixed regions are reversibly fixed so that changes can be made to the fixed regions.

Abstract: An encoded sheet material includes a sheet of material that has a first surface, a second surface disposed opposite the first surface and an edge extending between the first and second surfaces and peripherally about the sheet of material. The edge has indicia arranged on it to form a code that identifies at least one characteristic of the sheet of material. A sheet processing apparatus uses the encoded sheet material and includes a code reader device and a processor. The code reader device reads the code. The processor communicates with the code reader device and causes the sheet processing apparatus to process the sheet of material based upon the read code. An encoded image recording medium and image recording apparatuses are also described.

Abstract: Tamper-evident electric paper is made of two sheets of electric paper bonded together, the bottom sheet of which includes a pattern. Any attempt to erase a writing on the top sheet of electric paper results in the pattern on the bottom sheet of electric paper being erased. Therefore any tampering by erasure of a writing on the tamper-evident electric paper is revealed by the absence of a portion of the pattern on the bottom sheet of electric paper. Single sheet tamper-evident electric paper has a complex pattern, such as an encryption, printed on a single sheet of electric paper. Any attempt to erase a writing on the electric paper also erases a portion of the encryption, thereby providing evidence of tampering.

Abstract: A method for inputting information to a revolvable device, optionally connected to a deformable piece includes the steps of rotating, spinning, or revolvably orienting the deformable piece to provide a first morpheme input to the device. The first morpheme input normally triggers a first default action by the device, such as controlling a display, modifying a data structure, or communicating with another electronic device. When a user asynchronously manipulates the deformable piece to provide a second morpheme input to the device, the second morpheme input converts the normally triggered first default action to a second action generally not equivalent to the first default action. This mode of interaction allows formation of morphemic sentences to control a graspable device.

Abstract: An augmented spreadsheet presentation provides for selecting a region of user focus in a primary body of data displayed as an array of cells, with two or more displayed cells of the array of cells being logically linked by a constraint graph. Two or more displayed cells can be linked by color or symbol animations in response to selected user focus with a mouse or other cursor. Complex animations that successively illustrate multiple constraint graph paths are possible.

Abstract: A primary body of data is displayable on a screen and a supporting body of data is relatable to an annotation tag present in the primary body of textual data. An annotation tag having a predetermined size in the primary body of data is selected, and negotiations ensue between the primary body of data and the supporting body to determine a space into which the supporting body of data can be fitted while substantially maintaining an unobstructed view of the primary body of data. To help accommodate the supporting body of data, at least a portion of the primary body of data is spatially morphed by repositioning, resizing, or distortion. An animation sequence is used to position the supporting body of data in the negotiated space.

Abstract: An augmented spreadsheet presentation provides for selecting a region of user focus in a primary body of data displayed as an array of cells, with two or more displayed cells of the array of cells being logically linked by a constraint graph. Color of two or more displayed cells can be dynamically adjusted in response to selected user focus with a mouse or other cursor, with each of the two or more displayed cells having a slightly different color to form a color gradient that shows constraint graph linkage of the cells. Additional annotations illustrating constraint graph relationships or formulas can also be activated by a transient mouse focus.

Abstract: Methods for displaying results of a spreading activation algorithm and for defining an activation input vector for the spreading activation algorithm are disclosed. A planar disk tree is used to represent the generalized graph structure being modeled in a spreading activation algorithm. Activation bars on some or all nodes of the planar disk tree in the dimension perpendicular to the disk tree encode the final activation level resulting at the end of N iterations of the spreading activation algorithm. The number of nodes for which activation bars are displayed may be a predetermined number, a predetermine fraction of all nodes, or a determined by a predetermined activation level threshold. The final activation levels resulting from activation spread through more than one flow network corresponding to the same generalized graph are displayed as color encoded segments on the activation bars. Content, usage, topology, or recommendation flow networks may be used for spreading activation.

Abstract: A means for prefetching linked document objects in a document workspace. A document object may be a document or a document collection. Such document objects have links to other document objects. The prefetching process of the present invention enables a user to obtain document objects linked to a document that they are interacting with before they are needed. Typically, such linked document objects are related so it is likely that they would be needed. The retrieved document objects are displayed so that their linking is indicated using a cone tree visualization. Various controls are provided which enable the user to stop and start the retrieval process, specify the scope and depth of retrieval, and to specify documents for which linked documents should not be retrieved. A history stack area is provided in the document workspace to place prior instances of cone tree visualizations of retrieved document objects.

Abstract: The method and apparatus of the present invention generates clusters of documents in a collection of linked documents based on co-citation analysis. The frequency linkage is determined for each document in the collection. In other words, the number of times each document is linked to by another document in the collection is determined. Further, a minimum frequency linkage (link frequency threshold) is specified based on a predetermined minimum frequency of document linkage. Additionally, a list of pairs of documents that are linked to by the same document is created so that each of the pairs of documents has a count of the number of times (co-citation frequency) that they are both linked to by another document. Pairs of linked documents are clustered using a suitable co-citation technique.

Abstract: A method of making a substrate in which sets of optically anisotropic spheroidal balls are disposed, as for use in an electrical twisting ball display. First and second sets of spheroidal balls, are deposited on a receiving surface composed of an elastomer substrate material in an adhesive state, the spheroidal balls thus deposited adhering to the receiving surface. Balls of the first and second sets are physically distinguishable from one another. Balls of the first set can be deposited in a first arrangement, and balls of the second set, in a second arrangement. Each ball of each set has an optical anisotropy and an anisotropy for providing an electrical dipole moment, the electrical dipole moment rendering the ball electrically responsive such that when the ball is rotatably disposed in an electric field while the electrical dipole moment of the ball is provided, the ball tends to rotate to an orientation in which the electrical dipole moment aligns with the field.

Abstract: An information visualization system which uses dynamic queries in combination with movable viewing operation regions (VORs) for searching of two dimensional databases. Boolean and real-valued queries are made by overlapping viewing operation regions which include filters to search for specific data in the database. The viewing operation regions include interactive interfaces such as sliders and/or buttons to control the value of the filter function and define a composition operation generated by overlapping the VORs. The system provides a graphical display of database values and direct manipulation tools for exploring relationships between the database.

Abstract: A method for one button searching long lists is initiated by depressing a first search button to initiate a first mode scrolling search of a plurality of list members ordered in a list. Each list member is sequentially displayed on a small display, with the display typically being a handheld device capable of simultaneously displaying ten lines of alphanumeric characters. A second mode scrolling search is initiated after maintenance of the first search button in a depressed state and elapse of a first predetermined time interval of about one second. In the second mode scrolling search, a selected subset of list members, each having a same first letter, is ordered by their second letters for sequential display. A third mode scrolling search commences after maintenance of the first search button in a depressed state and elapse of another second, with selected subset of list members ordered by their first letter for sequentially display.

Abstract: A tristate light valve ball for an electrical twisting ball device composed of spheroidal balls rotatably disposed in an elastomer substrate. The ball is composed of segments arrayed substantially parallel to one another, each segment being adjacent to at least one other segment and to no more than two other segments. Adjacent segments are adjoined to one another at substantially planar interfaces. The segments include: a first, interior, nontransparent segment having a first optical modulation characteristic; a second exterior, transparent segment, adjacent to the first segment and having a second optical modulation characteristic; a third, interior, nontransparent segment having a third optical modulation characteristic; and a fourth, exterior, transparent segment adjacent to the third segment. For example, the ball can be made with a black first segment adjacent to a white third segment, surrounded on either side by clear second and fourth exterior segments.

Abstract: A substitute image is generated by dividing a full image into panels defined by a center (or focus) panel, for use in applications where the full image is not entirely displayable on a given display device at a necessary resolution. The full image is bounded by a bounding rectangle, the focus panel is a rectangle with sides parallel to the sides of the bounding rectangle, and the focus panel defines eight other panels, four side panels and four corner panels. The substitute image is the focus panel, with the side panels folded into a smaller cross section, but remaining continuous with the focus panel, and the corner panels folded and sheared to remain continuous with the side panels in a three-dimensional ("3D") space in which a viewpoint and a view plane representing the display surface is also located.

Abstract: A method for displaying an image on a display surface which preserves context and detail information when the image is compressed to fit onto a display surface. The image is transformed from a plane onto a truncated pyramid, and then a three-dimensional perspective projection of the pyramid is taken. This perspective provides a detailed view of portions of the image underlying an image lens panel, and context view of remaining portions of the image, which underlie side panels. The side panels are rotated and expanded to fill the remainder of the view after the detailed image under the image lens is expanded.

Abstract: A reprographic method for making a output document having a desired image from an input document having an input image includes scanning an instruction page containing an image processing command. The image processing command contained on the instruction page is decoded, and subsequently at least a portion of the input image is scanned. The output document is then produced from the scanned at least a portion of the input image in accordance with the decoded image processing command. The image processing commands can be such as cut, paste, mask, crop, enlarge, reduce, reorient, lighten, darken or the like that change the form or appearance of the actual image. In addition, the image manipulation commands can be such as commands to control special operational modes for differing input image types, such as, for example, photographs or half-tone images, the number of output document copies to be produced, the output type, color, stock, or other command that controls the output form of the image.