Abstract: Heavy or refractory oils are hydroprocessed in the presence of added water and added hydrogen sulfide with or without a slurry catalyst comprising molybdenum sulfide. The water and hydrogen sulfide may originate from the catalyst preparation procedure.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of gas oil to a naphtha pyrolysis feedstock and needle coke comprising thermally cracking the gas oil to produce a product comprising cracked naphtha and aromatic tar oil, delay coking said aromatic tar oil to produce needle coke and coker naphtha, and hydrotreating said cracked naphtha and said coker naphtha at a temperature at least 50.degree. F. (28.degree. C.) lower than the temperature in the thermal cracking and coking zones to avoid hydrocarcking reactions and to produce a hydrogenated naphtha containing at least 10 volume percent of cycloparaffins. Said hydrogenated naphtha is thereupon passed through a pyrolysis zone without added molecular hydrogen and without a catalyst operated at a temperature between 1,300 and 2,300.degree. F. (704 and 1,260.degree. C.) and a residence between 0.05 and 2 seconds to produce a product containing ethylene. The ethylene yield can be increased by adding a sulfur compound to the hydrogenated naphtha stream flowing to the pyrolysis zone.

Abstract: A catalyst having utility as a downstream catalyst in processes for hydrodesulfurization of asphaltene-containing petroleum oils, coal liquids, shale oils or oils from tar sands which employ both upstream and downstream catalysts in series. The downstream catalyst comprises supported Group VI and Group VIII metals together with a promoting amount of a Group IV-B metal. The particles of said promoted catalyst are elongated extrudates whose surface is provided with a plurality of alternating longitudinal grooves and protrusions. In processes using this catalyst, the upstream catalyst comprises Group VI and Group VIII metals without promotion with Group IV-B metal and the particles of the upstream catalyst may or may not have similar surface grooves. The adaptation of the grooved particle configuration to the promoted catalyst composition provided the early development of a plateau-like aging curve which was not achieved by the adaptation of the grooved shape to a non-promoted catalyst.

Abstract: An improved catalytic cracking catalyst is obtained by a method which comprises incorporating into a crystalline aluminosilicate catalyst by ion exchange a substantial concentration of a metal selected from the group consisting of antimony, bismuth and manganese.

Abstract: An improved hydrocarbon catalytic cracking process which comprises introducing tin into the cracking zone so as to maintain a volume ratio of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide in the gaseous effluent from the catalyst regeneration zone of at least 3.0.

Abstract: An improved hydrocarbon catalytic cracking process which comprises determining the concentrations of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the gaseous effluent from the catalyst regeneration zone and adjusting the rate of addition of a selective treating agent to the hydrocarbon feed to the cracking zone so as to maintain a volume ratio of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide of at least 2.2 in said effluent.

Abstract: A process for hydrodenitrogenation of shale oil comprising fractionating the shale oil into relatively light and heavy fractions, passing the relatively light fraction through a zone containing a catalyst comprising supported molybdenum and Group VIII metal and passing the relatively heavy fraction through a zone containing a catalyst comprising supported tungsten and Group VIII metal.

Abstract: A process for hydrodenitrogenation of shale oil to convert it to a feed oil for zeolitic riser cracking comprising passing the shale oil through two catalyst stages in series, the catalyst in the first stage comprising supported molybdenum and Group VIII metal and the catalyst in the second stage comprising supported tungsten and Group VIII metal.

Abstract: A process is described for fixed bed hydrodesulfurizing a non-asphaltic oil feed blend for a zeolitic FCC riser cracking system in which cracking occurs at a space velocity sufficiently high to prevent formation of a catalyst bed. It is shown that sulfur dioxide emissions from the zeolite catalyst regenerator associated with the riser are reduced to a lower extent than total sulfur removal from the feed oil. This indicates uneven sulfur removal in the hydrodesulfurization step whereby a smaller portion of sulfur is removed from the heavy portion of the feed from which the coke is derived than from the lighter portion of the feed. The present invention demonstrates a synergistic effect upon sulfur removal from the heavy portion of the feed by widening the boiling range of the feed and this synergistic effect is converted to practical advantage by reducing the amount of hydrodesulfurization catalyst in proportion to said synergistic effect, thereby keeping hydrocracking to a specified low level.

Abstract: A method of negating the effects of metals poisoning on a cracking catalyst which comprises contacting the catalyst containing metal contaminants with a bismuth or manganese compound.

Abstract: A multiple stage hydrodesulfurization process is described for the catalytic hydrodesulfurization and hydrodemetallization of a residual petroleum oil boiling above the gasoline range to prepare a zeolite riser cracking feed. The product of the hydrodesulfurization section comprises essentially material boiling above the gasoline range and comprises little material boiling within the gasoline range in order to preserve the feed for subsequent cracking to gasoline without added hydrogen. The hydrodesulfurization-demetallization section comprises an initial stage involving relatively high hydrogen pressure in the presence of a catalyst comprising a relatively low proportion of catalytically active hydrogenation metals. The process employs a final stage in series employing a relatively lower hydrogen pressure and a catalyst comprising a relatively higher proportion of hydrogenation metals.

Abstract: The hydrodesulfurization of a crude oil or a reduced crude containing the asphaltene fraction proceeds at unexpectedly low temperatures by utilizing a Group VI and Group VIII metal containing catalyst on alumina when the catalyst particles are very small and have a diameter between about 1/20 and 1/40 inch and are disposed in a parallel catalyst bed system.

Abstract: The hydrodesulfurization of a crude oil or a reduced crude containing the asphaltene fraction proceeds at unexpectedly low temperatures by utilizing a catalyst comprising a Group VI and Group VIII metal on alumina when the catalyst particles are very small and have a diameter between about 1/20 and 1/10 inch and the reaction is quenched with hydrogen.