Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods useful for isolating calcineurin as well as inhibiting calcineurin activity. The compositions are peptides that contain regions that are homologous to calcineurin-binding regions of AKAP 79. Also provided are methods for determining if a cell contains a calcineurin-binding and PKA-binding anchoring protein that are useful for identifying additional proteins that bind both calcineurin and PKA.

Abstract: A chromium-containing fluorination catalyst which comprises an activity-promoting amount of zinc or a compound of zinc, a process for increasing the activity of a chromium-containing fluorination catalyst by introducing an activity promoting amount of zinc or a compound of zinc to the catalyst and a process for the production of fluorinated hydrocarbons, in particular 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane which comprises reacting a hydrocarbon or a halogenated hydrocarbon, in particular 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane with hydrogen fluoride in the vapour phase in the presence of the zinc-promoted chromium-containing catalyst.

Abstract: A method of producing 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in two separation reaction zones involving (1) reaction of trichloroethylene and hydrogen fluoride to produce 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane and (2) reaction of the 1,1,1- trifluoro-2-chloroethane and hydrogen fluoride to produce 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane wherein both reactions are carried out at superatmospheric pressure, reaction (2) is carried out at a temperature in the range of 250.degree.-450.degree. C., reaction (1) is carried out at a temperature in the range of 200.degree.-400.degree. C. but below that used in reaction (2) and unconverted 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane is recycled for further reaction with hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: A chromium-containing fluorination catalyst which comprises an activity-promoting amount of zinc or a compound of zinc, a process for increasing the activity of a chromium-containing fluorination catalyst by introducing an activity promoting amount of zinc or a compound of zinc to the catalyst and a process for the production of fluorinated hydrocarbons, in particular 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane which comprises reacting a hydrocarbon or a halogenated hydrocarbon, in particular 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane with hydrogen fluoride in the vapor phase in the presence of the zinc-promoted chromium-containing catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the production of a hydro(halo)fluorocarbon which comprises contacting an .alpha.-fluoroether in the vapour phase at an elevated temperature with a catalyst and wherein the catalyst is treated whereby to maintain and/or restore its activity.The catalyst treatment comprises either: (i) heating the catalyst to an elevated temperature above about 250.degree. C. in the absence of an .alpha.-fluoro ether, or (ii) contacting the catalyst at an elevated temperature with an oxidising agent whilst or between the times when the .alpha.-fluoro ether is contacted with the catalyst. The catalyst may be an oxidation promoting metal, for example zinc, iron or copper, carried on a metal oxide, fluoride or oxyfluoride support.

Abstract: A process for the reactivation of a chromium-based fluorination catalyst, in particular chromia, by contacting the deactivated chromium-based fluorination catalyst with an atmosphere containing water vapour at elevated temperature, preferably above 300.degree. C.

Abstract: 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA 134a) is manufactured from trichloroethylene by a two-stage process comprising reacting trichloroethylene with hydrogen fluoride under superatmospheric pressure in a first reaction zone to form 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane (133a) and reacting the 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane with hydrogen fluoride in a second reaction zone to form 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane; the entire product stream from the 133a reaction zone together with additional HF of required is fed through the 134a reaction zone. The two reaction zones may be provided within a single reaction vessel.

Abstract: 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA 134a) is manufactured from trichloroethylene by a two-stage process comprising reacting trichloroethylene with hydrogen fluoride in one reactor to form 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane (133a) and reacting the 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane with hydrogen fluoride in another reactor to form 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. The invention is characterized by reversing the reactor sequence and passing the entire product stream from the HFA 134a reactor together with trichloroethylene through the 133a reactor and separating 134a and hydrogen chloride from the recycle stream between the 133a reactor and the 134a reactor.

Abstract: A chromium-containing fluorination catalyst which comprises an activity-promoting amount of zinc or a compound of zinc, a process for increasing the activity of a chromium-containing fluorination catalyst by introducing an activity promoting amount of zinc or a compound of zinc to the catalyst and a process for the production of fluorinated hydrocarbons, in particular 1,1,1,2-tetrafluorethane which comprises reacting a hydrocarbon or a halogenated hydrocarbon, in particular 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane with hydrogen fluoride in the vapour phase in the presence of the zinc-promoted chromium-containing catalyst.

Abstract: 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA 134a) is manufactured from trichloroethylene by a two-stage process comprising reacting trichloroethylene with hydrogen fluoride in one reactor to form 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane (133a) and reacting the 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane with hydrogen fluoride in another reactor to form 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. The invention is characterised by reversing the reactor sequence and passing the entire product stream from the HFA 134a reactor together with trichloroethylene through the 133a reactor and separating 134a and hydrogen chloride from the recycle stream between the 133a reactor and the 134a reactor.

Abstract: 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA 134a) is manufactured from trichloroethylene by a two-stage process comprising reacting trichloroethylene with hydrogen fluoride under superatmospheric pressure in a first reaction zone to form 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane (133a) and reacting the 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane with hydrogen fluoride in a second reaction zone to form 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane; the entire product stream from the 133a reaction zone together with additional HF of required is fed through the 134a reaction zone. The two reaction zones may be provided within a single reaction vessel.

Abstract: A method for regenerating a used fluorination catalyst such as a chromium-containing compound comprises contacting the used catalyst at a temperature of 300.degree. C. to 500.degree. C. with a mixture of an oxidizing agent, especially air, and hydrogen fluoride and optionally an inert diluent such as nitrogen, said mixture containing up to 30% of oxidizing agent on a molar basis. The method obviates chromium loss during regeneration/refluorination of spent catalyst and provides heated hydrogen fluoride for use directly in fluorination reactions.

Abstract: A process for the oxychlorination of ethylene to 1,2-dichloroethane using an oxychlorination catalyst composition comprising a mixture of copper chloride, magnesium chloride and potassium chloride carried on a support therefor.

Abstract: Method for separating 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane from a mixture thereof with chlorine-containing halogenated hydrocarbons such as HCFC's 1122, 124, 114, 114a and 133a which comprises adding an extraction agent to the mixture and extractively distilling the mixture in an extractive distillation zone from which HFA 134a containing less than 10 ppm of chlorinated contaminants is recovered. Suitable extraction agents include trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, alpha-pinene and cyclohexane.

Abstract: Oxychlorination catalyst composition comprising a mixture of metallic chlorides carried on a support therefor, wherein said mixture consists essentially of cooper chloride. Also the oxychlorination of ethylene to 1,2-dichloroethane using such a catalyst composition.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for pressure testing containers in peripheral cells in a rotating turret is disclosed in which high pressure air in tested containers is initially discharged into a low pressure reservoir down to a predetermined low pressure and the residual air at the low pressure then discharged to the atmosphere with little sound generation. Incoming containers to the testing apparatus are initially supplied with pressurized air at a low pressure from the low pressure air reservoir and then supplied with pressurized air from a high pressure air supply, preferably a high pressure air reservoir, to achieve the desired test pressure. The low pressure reservoir and the high pressure reservoir are incorporated in the rotating turret structure and are in communication with a closure cap for each cell by distribution means including a double-acting valve during selected portions of rotation of the turret.

Abstract: Glass containers coated with a transparent polymer film, co-mingled with similar but non-coated containers, are identified without contact as they are moving on a conveyor. An optical position sensor triggers a stroboscope to emit a pulse of light that is directed to pass through the container. A light receptor essentially receives only that strobe light which has passed through the center of the container; light passing tangentially through the side of the container is blocked from the receptor. The light is filtered so that the receptor receives substantially only light in a wavelength range which will be attenuated by the polymer coating. Circuitry discriminates between the greater intensity of received light which has passed through an uncoated container and the lesser intensity of light through a coated container. Containers of the one type may be segregated from those of the other type by reject or sorting apparatus.