Abstract: A closed loop exit hole is formed in a magnetically permeable end wall (2) of an enclosure (1) of a closed electron drift ion source. Parts of this end wall separated by the exit hole serve as pole pieces (7 and 8) of the magnetic system and define the first pole gap. The magnetic system includes pole pieces (9 and 10), which define the second pole gap made in the form of a closed loop exit hole and arranged along the direction of ion emission. Magnetomotive force sources (5 and 6) are located in space between two groups of magnetic terminals. The ratio of width of each pole gap and distance between pole pieces of the first (7 and 8) and second (9 and 10) magnetic gaps along the direction of ion emission is not less than 0.05. The invention allows the intensity of the generated ion beam and the energy of ions to be increased, and this is provided by the homogeneous distribution of ion current density across the ion beam section.

Abstract: A closed loop exit hole is formed in a magnetically permeable end wall (2) of an enclosure (1) of a closed electron drift ion source. Parts of this end wall separated by the exit hole serve as pole pieces (7 and 8) of the magnetic system and define the first pole gap. The magnetic system includes pole pieces (9 and 10), which define the second pole gap made in the form of a closed loop exit hole and arranged along the direction of ion emission. Magnetomotive force sources (5 and 6) are located in space between two groups of magnetic terminals. The ratio of width of each pole gap and distance between pole pieces of the first (7 and 8) and second (9 and 10) magnetic gaps along the direction of ion emission is not less than 0.05.

Abstract: A composite, multilayer thin film solid lubricant structure having multiple thin film layers of solid lubricant interleaved by thin film interlayers which interrupt propagation of growth defects in the deposition process.

Abstract: A method of forming a magnetic material. The magnetic material is a solid mass of grains, and has magnetic parameters characterized by: (1) a maximum magnetic energy product, (BH).sub.max, greater than 15 megagaussoersteds; and (2) a remanence greater than 9 kilogauss. The magnetic material is prepared by a two step solidification, heat treatment process. The solidification process is carried out by: (a) providing a molten precursor alloy; (b) atomizing the molten alloy through nozzle means to form individual droplets of the molten alloy; and (c) quenching the droplets of the molten alloy to form solid particles of the alloy. The solid particles have a morphology characterized as being one or more of (i) amorphous; (ii) microcrystalline; or (iii) polycrystalline. The grains within the solid have, at this stage of the process, an average grain characteristic dimension less than that of the heat treated magnetic material.

Abstract: Multilayer protective coatings that are applied over a substrate that comprise a plurality of superimposed multilayer units and methods of making the coatings are disclosed. Each multilayer unit contains two or more superimposed thin layers in which at least two layers are compositionally different. The properties of the resulting coating are a combination of the properties of the individual layers. One layer of a multilayer unit may provide hardness or wear resistance and another layer may provide lubricity, for example. The thickness of the individual layers can be related to the microscopic surface relief of the substrate to which the protective coating is applied. One disclosed multilayer unit comprises three layers: an oxidation resistant layer; a nitride layer; and a layer of disordered boron and carbon material.A method of making the multilayer coatings is provided that includes depositing over a substrate a plurality of superimposed multilayer units.

Abstract: Adherence coatings and methods for forming same are provided. Generally, the adherence coatings are utilized in combination with exterior wear-resistant coatings of, for example, at least one non-metallic element and a transition metal.The composition of the adherence coating is selected on the basis of the substrate and exterior coating compositions and generally contain one or more metallic elements. The adherence coating can be applied by sputtering, desirably in a manner to produce a columnar microstructure.

Abstract: An improved X-ray monochromatizing subassembly, method and system are provided by a plurality of X-ray dispersive structures which are spaced and aligned to intercept X-rays and reflect monochromatized X-rays from the intercepted X-rays. The system includes a source of X-rays and an X-ray detector for detecting the monochromatized reflected X-rays. The monochromatized X-rays can be designed to be diverging, parallel or converging and can be designed for a particular wavelength of interest.

Abstract: X-ray dispersive and reflective structures and materials are provided which exhibit improved resolution and reflectivity in specific ranges of interest without substantial fluorescence or absorption edges. The structures are formed of metallic and non-metallic layer pairs and can include a buffer layer between each layer to prevent interdiffusion to stabilize the structures. The materials can be thermally activated to control the desired properties, during or post deposition. The structures can be deposited by ion beam absorption techniques to form the structures in a precise manner. The index of the refraction of the structures can be continuously varying throughout the structures.

Abstract: Multiple wavelength X-ray dispersive devices and method of forming them are provided which reflect at least two wavelengths of interest at the same or different angles. The devices include a plurality of layer sets formed on one another, each set having at least two units. At least one unit includes at least two layers having a first d spacing and the second unit has at least one layer with a second d spacing. A plurality of one or both of the units can also be provided in each layer set.

Abstract: Coatings and methods for forming same are provided. Generally, the coatings are wear resistant disordered coatings of at least one nonmetallic element and a transition metal that are deposited on an article surface, such as a tool surface or other surface that is subjected to wear or friction. The resulting tools generally exhibit increased life with excellent lubricity thereby improving the surface finish of workpieces machined therewith.Adherence coatings are provided for achieving improved adherence of the wear resistant coating to the substrate.

Abstract: Multilayer protective coatings that are applied over a substrate are disclosed that comprise a plurality of superimposed multilayer units. Each multilayer unit contains two or more superimposed thin layers in which at least two layers are compositionally different. The properties of the resulting coating are a combination of the properties of the individual layers. One layer of a multilayer unit may provide hardness or wear resistance and another layer may provide lubricity, for example. The thickness of the individual layers can be related to the microscopic surface relief of the substrate to which the protective coating is applied.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrode which uses a disordered active material preferably formed by rapid solidification. The active material does not need a binder to be used as an electrode, and thus, is considered self-supporting. The material also is substantially non-porous or impermeable to an electrolyte and when used as an electrode exhibits an increase in cell capacity with improved resistance to corrosion. An electrode of the present invention provides greatly improved cycle life and energy density without a significant decrease in cell capacity. Methods of making the electrode by rapidly solidifying a disordered material are also included. A method of assembling an electrochemical cell using a self-supporting electrode includes the step of producing a disordered active material and aligning the material in a predetermined position in a cell casing.

Abstract: Multilayer protective coatings that are applied over a substrate are disclosed that comprise a plurality of superimposed multilayer units. Each multilayer unit contains two or more superimposed thin layers in which at least two layers are compositionally different. The properties of the resulting coating are a combination of the properties of the individual layers. One layer of a multilayer unit may provide hardness or wear resistance and another layer may provide lubricity, for example. The thickness of the individual layers can be related to the microscopic surface relief of the substrate to which the protective coating is applied.One disclosed multilayer unit comprises three layers: an oxidation resistant layer; a nitride layer; and a layer of disordered boron and carbon material.

Abstract: Superconducting films and devices are provided which exhibit an AC to DC conversion effect of an RF AC input signal. The films can be microscopically inhomogeneous with granular or columnar microstructures in layered or nonlayered structures, which provide the conversion effect with and without an applied magnetic field. The films also can be multilayer films which provide the conversion effect with a magnetic field applied to the films. The multilayer films are substantially compositionally homogeneous within the layers and the microscopically inhomogeneous films are substantially compositionally homogeneous throughout, but include structural inhomogeneities.

Abstract: Point source X-ray focusing device structures, materials and methods of forming them are provided which exhibit a greatly increased total reflected intensity for a desired X-ray wavelength of interest. The devices include one or more focusing elements which each have a focusing surface with a plurality of layer pairs formed thereon. The focusing surface and the layer pairs are designed to collect, reflect and concentrate the maximum X-ray flux from a point source to a focus point for a particular wavelength of interest.

Abstract: A piezoelectric knock sensor comprises a flexing plate at one end of a generally cylindrical case with a mounting stud extending perpendicularly therefrom and a piezoelectric element attached to the flexing plate within the case for flexure with the flexing plate. When the sensor is attached to a component of a multicylinder, internal combustion engine, the case vibrates interactively with at least a portion of the component through the flexing plate and exhibits both an interactive resonance with the component for a wide resonance peak and response to transverse as well as axial vibrations. The sensor is thus capable of resonant response to knock-induced vibrations from all the cylinders even if the characteristic knock frequencies of the individual cylinders differ over a range too great to be encompassed by a self-resonant sensor. In addition, the sensor has the comparatively high output level of a piezoelectric device and simple construction suitable for mass production.