Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing iron in a steelmaking process including a closed thermal transfer system in which a flow of process ingredients including iron ore is directed in a descending, preferably spiral path defined by a downwardly spiraling pipe with the process ingredients moving in countercurrent flow relation to a continuous flow of reducing gases ascending within the pipe to reduce the process ingredients to a continuously flowing stream of molten iron and slag which moves downwardly in the spiral pipe and into a hearth furnace.

Abstract: An ecologically safe, mechanical, single stage process that employs low pressure induced fracturing of the carbon matrix of coal to desulphurize and reduce lump coal to uniform micron particle size, allowing minerals to be simply, mechanically separated from the coal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for direct steel making in a blast furnace wherein a continuous flow of process ingredients including iron ore is directed in a descending tortuous path through reduction and combustion zones which are maintained in the shaft of a blast furnace.

Abstract: The coking chamber of a by-product coke oven is formed by a refractory enclosure provided in its top with a charging opening and with an outlet for volatile by-products produced in the coking operation. Forming the bottom of the chamber near the bottom wall of the enclosure, but spaced above it, is a high-temperature resistant metal sole plate, beneath which are electric resistance elements for heating the plate directly in order to coke coal supported by the plate. Opposite sides of the lower part of the chamber may also be formed by electrically heated plates.