Abstract: A collision-computing system detects and amplifies the energy associated with a feature signal to determine occurrences or absence of events, such as ultrasonic and/or geophysical events, or to determine presence and/or concentrations of substances such as blood glucose, toxic chemicals, etc., in a noisy, high-clutter environment or sample. To this end, a conditioned feature, obtained by modulating a carrier kernel with a feature signal, is collided with a Zyoton—a waveform that without a collision can travel substantially unperturbed in a propagation medium over a specified distance. The conditioned feature and the Zyoton are particularly constructed to be co-dependent in terms of their respective dispersion velocities and the divergence of a waveform resulting from the collision. The collision operation can transfer at least a portion of the feature energy to the resulting waveform, and the transferred energy can be amplified in successive collisions for detecting/measuring events/substances.

Abstract: In a noninvasive system for detection/measurement of glucose and other analytes in a medium such as tissue, illumination is directed to the medium and corresponding radiation from the medium is collected. Spectral energy changes associated with fragment(s)/feature(s) obtained from the collected radiation are determined using collision computing. Such spectral energy changes generally represent analyte concentration. The illumination is controlled to target a particular volume of the medium and/or such that the spectral energy changes become directionally monotonic with respect to analyte concentration.

Abstract: In a noninvasive system for detection/measurement of glucose and other analytes in a medium such as tissue, spectra from the medium are deconstructed into features. Conditioned features, which contain frequency components specific to glucose or the other analytes, are derived from one or more features by modulating a carrier kernel with the feature. The conditioned features are computationally collided with one or more Zyotons that are co-dependent with the conditioned features. One or more collisions amplify a property of the analyte e.g., energy absorbed by glucose in tissue from radiation directed to the skin. A gradient of several values of the amplified property, each value corresponding to a particular radiation pattern according to a spectroscopic tomographic sequence, is used to select a suitable projector curve, with which a representative amplified value is projected to an accurate estimate of the concentration of glucose or the other analytes, without needing personalized calibration.

Abstract: In a noninvasive system for detection/measurement of glucose and other analytes in a medium such as tissue, illumination is directed to the medium and corresponding radiation from the medium is collected. Spectral energy changes associated with fragment(s)/feature(s) obtained from the collected radiation are determined using collision computing. Such spectral energy changes generally represent analyte concentration. The collection of radiation and/or illumination is controlled either to target a particular volume of the medium or such that the spectral energy changes become directionally monotonic with respect to analyte concentration, or both. The collection parameters include: duration of collection, location and/or a size of a collection spot on the medium surface, and angle of a collector relative to the medium surface. The illuminated and/or collection spots may be treated to improve accuracy of analyte measurement.

Abstract: In a noninvasive system for detection/measurement of glucose and other analytes in a medium such as tissue, illumination is directed to the medium and corresponding radiation from the medium is collected. Spectral energy changes associated with fragment(s)/feature(s) obtained from the collected radiation are determined using collision computing. Such spectral energy changes generally represent analyte concentration. The collection of radiation and/or illumination is controlled either to target a particular volume of the medium or such that the spectral energy changes become directionally monotonic with respect to analyte concentration, or both. The collection parameters include: duration of collection, location and/or a size of a collection spot on the medium surface, and angle of a collector relative to the medium surface. The illuminated and/or collection spots may be treated to improve accuracy of analyte measurement.

Abstract: In a noninvasive system for detection/measurement of glucose and other analytes in a medium such as tissue, illumination is directed to the medium and corresponding radiation from the medium is collected. Spectral energy changes associated with fragment(s)/feature(s) obtained from the collected radiation are determined using collision computing. Such spectral energy changes generally represent analyte concentration. The illumination is controlled to target a particular volume of the medium and/or such that the spectral energy changes become directionally monotonic with respect to analyte concentration.

Abstract: In a noninvasive system for detection/measurement of glucose and other analytes in a medium such as tissue, spectra from the medium are deconstructed into features. Conditioned features, which contain frequency components specific to glucose or the other analytes, are derived from one or more features by modulating a carrier kernel with the feature. The conditioned features are computationally collided with one or more Zyotons that are co-dependent with the conditioned features. One or more collisions amplify a property of the analyte e.g., energy absorbed by glucose in tissue from radiation directed to the skin. A gradient of several values of the amplified property, each value corresponding to a particular radiation pattern according to a spectroscopic tomographic sequence, is used to select a suitable projector curve, with which a representative amplified value is projected to an accurate estimate of the concentration of glucose or the other analytes, without needing personalized calibration.

Abstract: A synthetic projection system determines analyte concentration, such as blood glucose concentration, from a spectral-energy change associated with an uncharacterized instance of a medium in which the analyte is likely present. The projection system is factory calibrated for different instances of the medium, without needing instance-specific training or calibration. The projection system includes a set of projector curves, each relating spectral-energy change values obtained by analyzing reference medium samples to analyte concentrations in those samples. Each projector curve also corresponds to a respective range of energy-change gradients, determined using a group of surrogate media characterized according to analyte concentrations measured using a reference system. A spectral-energy-change gradient for the uncharacterized medium may be computed to select one of the projectors curves.

Abstract: A collision-computing system detects and amplifies the energy associated with a feature signal to determine occurrences or absence of events, such as ultrasonic and/or geophysical events, or to determine presence and/or concentrations of substances such as blood glucose, toxic chemicals, etc., in a noisy, high-clutter environment or sample. To this end, a conditioned feature, obtained by modulating a carrier kernel with a feature signal, is collided with a Zyoton—a waveform that without a collision can travel substantially unperturbed in a propagation medium over a specified distance. The conditioned feature and the Zyoton are particularly constructed to be co-dependent in terms of their respective dispersion velocities and the divergence of a waveform resulting from the collision. The collision operation can transfer at least a portion of the feature energy to the resulting waveform, and the transferred energy can be amplified in successive collisions for detecting/measuring events/substances.

Abstract: In a noninvasive system for detection/measurement of glucose and other analytes in a medium such as tissue, spectra from the medium are deconstructed into features. Conditioned features, which contain frequency components specific to glucose or the other analytes, are derived from one or more features by modulating a carrier kernel with the feature. The conditioned features are computationally collided with one or more Zyotons that are co-dependent with the conditioned features. One or more collisions amplify a property of the analyte e.g., energy absorbed by glucose in tissue from radiation directed to the skin. A gradient of several values of the amplified property, each value corresponding to a particular radiation pattern according to a spectroscopic tomographic sequence, is used to select a suitable projector curve, with which a representative amplified value is projected to an accurate estimate of the concentration of glucose or the other analytes, without needing personalized calibration.

Abstract: A hopper for a paintboll gun is disclosed. The hopper is a gravity feed hopper and has a lower profile than those in the previous art. The hopper fits closely to the profile of the paintball gun and may have multiple chambers along with unidirectional gates to control the flow between chambers and within chambers as well. This invention may take the form of a hopper mounted onto a previous type of paintboll gun as an aftermarket add-on or it may be built into the paintball gun itself as part of its construction.

Abstract: A two-piece reflector has a base member with a substantially planar surface including a substantially complete reflector and a partially complete reflector projecting therefrom and integral therewith. First and second spaced apart supports are associated with the partially complete reflector and project from the base member and provide pivot points therein. A substantially concave housing is adjustably fitted to cooperate with the partially complete reflector. The concave housing has a pair of spaced apart, projecting, axially aligned nubbins, a first of these nubbins being rotationally fixed to the pivot point in the first support and a second of the nubbins being rotationally fixed to the pivot point in said second support. This allows rotational adjustment of the housing about the axis defined between the pivot points. Means are provided attached to the concave housing for fixing the same in a desired position.

Abstract: A lamp and optical lens assembly is provided having a carrier with one or more lamp assemblies mounted thereto relative to a carrier registration. An optical lens having at least one focal point and at least one guide portion relative to the focal point is also provided. The carrier is coupled to the optical lens with the registration aligned with the location guide portion so as to accurately position the lamp assembly relative to the focal point. A lamp apparatus is provided by enclosing the lamp and optical lens assembly within a housing and cover lens combination. A lamp housing assembly is also provided.

Abstract: A two-piece reflector has a base member with a substantially planar surface including a substantially complete reflector and a partially complete reflector projecting therefrom and integral therewith. First and second spaced apart supports are associated with the partially complete reflector and project from the base member and provide pivot points therein. A substantially concave housing is adjustably fitted to cooperate with the partially complete reflector. The concave housing has a pair of spaced apart, projecting, axially aligned nubbins, a first of these nubbins being rotationally fixed to the pivot point in the first support and a second of the nubbins being rotationally fixed to the pivot point in said second support. This allows rotational adjustment of the housing about the axis defined between the pivot points. Means are provided attached to the concave housing for fixing the same in a desired position.

Abstract: A lamp and optical lens assembly is provided having a carrier with one or more lamp assemblies mounted thereto relative to a carrier registration. An optical lens having at least one focal point and at least one guide portion relative to the focal point is also provided. The carrier is coupled to the optical lens with the registration aligned with the location guide portion so as to accurately position the lamp assembly relative to the focal point. A lamp apparatus is provided by enclosing the lamp and optical lens assembly within a housing and cover lens combination. A lamp housing assembly is also provided.

Abstract: A method an apparatus to facilitate commerce over a computer network wherein a code data base stores codes and associated passwords, both of which may be printed on cards to create money cards. The codes and passwords, or for convenience, a money card, is purchased by a potential consumer desiring to purchase goods or services over a computer network. The data base records the purchase of the money card for either of a particular amount or a variable amount selected by the consumer. To purchase goods or services the consumer utilizes the money card codes and password at any retailer Internet site, accessed via some form of computer network such as the Internet. The retailer computer verifies the validity and balance of the money card when the money card code and password are utilized to purchase goods or services. Upon receipt of authorization from the money card database, the retailer executes the purchase and the money card data base updates the money card balance in the database.

Abstract: A reagent test strip is adapted for use in a blood glucose meter. A sample of whole blood is applied to one surface of a matrix on the strip and the meter measures the reflectance of the opposite surface of the matrix at about 635 nm and 700 nm and calculates from the reflectance the concentration of glucose in the sample. The portion of the applied sample that penetrates the matrix and is visible from the testing surface does not absorb light to any appreciable extent at 700 nm. Nevertheless, the glucose-containing sample interacts with the components of the reagent-containing matrix to cause a change in reflectance at 700 nm that simulates the effect of the blood color. As a result, the strip can be used in meters that measure glucose concentration in whole blood samples in the presence of optically visible hemoglobin.

Abstract: A reagent test strip is adapted for use in a blood glucose meter. A sample of whole blood is applied to one surface of a matrix on the strip and the meter measures the reflectance of the opposite surface of the matrix at about 635 nm and 700 nm and calculates from the reflectances the concentration of glucose in the sample. The portion of the applied sample that penetrates the matrix and is visible from the testing surface does not absorb to any appreciable extent at 700 nm. Nevertheless, the glucose-containing sample interacts with the components of the reagent-containing matrix to cause a change in reflectance at 700 nm that simulates the effect of the blood color. As a result, the strip can be used in meters that measure glucose concentration in whole blood samples in the presence of optically visible hemoglobin.

Abstract: For measuring an analyte in a liquid, a test strip and apparatus each have an asymmetry. The asymmetries combine to permit a test strip to be inserted into the apparatus when it is correctly aligned but prevent the test strip from being fully inserted if it is wrong side up. The apparatus also detects whether or not the strip has been fully inserted.