Abstract: Paper is made by a dual soluble polymer process in which a cellulosic suspension which usually contains alum or cationic coagulant is first flocculated with a high IV cationic synthetic polymer or cationic starch and, after shearing, the suspension is reflocculated by the addition of a branched anionic water soluble polymer having IV above 3 dl/g and tan delta at 0.005 Hz of at least 0.5. The process gives an improved combination of formation, retention and drainage.

Abstract: Flexographic or other printed paper is deinked by a process which comprises pulping in the presence of an emulsion of crosslinked, insoluble, ionisable and swellable polymer particles. The emulsion preferably provides a viscosity (at 3%) in the ionised state of below 50,000 cps (Brookfiled RVT) and is novel.

Abstract: Paper making processes, including microparticulate processes, which utilise bentonite are provided with bentonite in the form of a concentrate, or a dilute dispersion made by diluting the concentrate, wherein the concentrate is a dispersion of 15 to 40% by weight bentonite in water containing citrate and has a viscosity below 5000 cps and is a stable fluid. The concentrates are novel. They are preferably made by mixing alkaline earth bentonite with water and sodium citrate.

Abstract: Alkaline earth bentonite can be activated by the use of sodium citrate or other organic sequestering agent as activator. Dry blends of the activator and the bentonite can be provided.

Abstract: Paper is made by a dual soluble polymer process in which a cellulosic suspension which usually contains alum or cationic coagulant is first flocculated with a high intrinsic viscosity cationic synthetic polymer or cationic starch and, after shearing, the suspension is reflocculated by the addition of a branched anionic water soluble polymer having an intrinsic viscosity above 3 dl/g and tan delta at 0.005 Hz of at least 0.5. The process gives an improved combination of formation, retention and drainage.

Abstract: Flexographic or other printed paper is deinked by a process which comprises pulping in the presence of an emulsion of crosslinked, insoluble, ionisable and swellable polymer particles. The emulsion preferably provides a viscosity (at 3%) in the ionised state of below 50,000 cps (Brookfield RVT) and is novel.

Abstract: During the manufacture of paper from a cellulosic suspension, retention is improved by adding to the suspension a water soluble cationic polymer containing 0.1 to 15 mole % cationic monomer groups and having an intrinsic viscosity of at least 4 dl/g and then adding a substantially water soluble formaldehyde condensate resin. This resin is preferably a phenol sulphone formaldehyde resin. Preferred phenol sulphone formaldehyde resins are materials wherein at last 70 mole % of the recurring groups are dihydroxyl phenyl sulphone groups free of sulphonic acid groups.