Abstract: In vivo or in vitro sensors in combination with an electronic monitor enable the recognition, quantitation, and tracking of metabolic oscillations of living cells immobilized on or in close proximity to an analyte sensor providing methods, systems, and devices to monitor, probe, diagnose or treat abnormal metabolic states. The patterns or fingerprints of metabolic oscillations yield information about analyte concentration and the status of cellular metabolism. The analysis provides early recognition of abnormal metabolic states and provides treatment options that can avoid complications from metabolic disorders such as diabetes.

Abstract: A system for the measurement of analyte concentration includes an electrochemical cell having a working electrode coated with a protein layer and a diffusion limiting barrier covering the protein layer, and a counter electrode; a voltage source which provides a voltage between the working electrode and the counter electrode when electrically connected by a conductive medium; and a computing system which measures the dynamic voltage output to the counter electrode within a time period prior to a response from the working electrode and method for use is disclosed.