Abstract: A reverse flow aqueous cooling system for an internal combustion engine, comprises a radiator having a gas outlet at a high point thereof, a gas condenser having a gas inlet, a conduit including a flow restrictor disposed between the gas inlet, and gas outlet for controlling the flow of fluid from said gas outlet to said gas inlet.

Abstract: A reverse flow aqueous cooling system for an internal combustion engine, comprises a radiator having a gas outlet at a high point thereof, a gas condenser having a gas inlet, a conduit including a flow restrictor disposed between the gas inlet, and gas outlet for controlling the flow of fluid from said gas outlet to said gas inlet. There is a check valve between the radiator and coolant pump.

Abstract: A reverse flow cooling system for an internal combustion engine wherein coolant flows first into the cylinder head cooling chamber and then downwardly into the cooling chambers surrounding the cylinders comprises a thermostatically controlled valve having a valve spool movable between spaced and aligned inlet and outlet ports to control flow therethrough. The inlet port and outlet ports of the valve are sized so as to exhibit a combined resistance to flow equal to or less than the resistance to flow of the inlet port whereby coolant flowing through said thermostat exhibits minimum pressure drop.

Abstract: An aqueous reverse-flow cooling system comprises a pump for delivering coolant to a combustion chamber coolant chamber having a gas outlet, at a high point thereof, for the discharge of coolant and gases through a restriction to a gas separator/condenser circuit having an outlet in fluid communication with a lower pressure area of the coolant circuit.

Abstract: An apparatus for cooling an internal combustion engine has a coolant jacket surrounding the cylinder walls, the combustion chamber domes, and the exhaust runners of the engine. The coolant jacket has formed therein a coolant chamber. A substantially anhydrous, boilable liquid coolant, having a saturation temperature higher than that of water, is pumped through the coolant chamber to cool the metal surfaces of the engine. A radiator is coupled in fluid communication with the coolant chamber to receive coolant flowing therefrom and to reduce the temperature of the coolant by heat exchange therewith. A pump is coupled in fluid communication with the coolant chamber and the radiator to pump the coolant therethrough. The coolant is distributed and pumped at a flow rate so that the coolant vaporized upon contact with the hotter metal surfaces of the engine substantially condenses within the liquid coolant. A vent line is coupled on one end to the coolant chamber and coupled on the other end to an expansion tank.

Abstract: An improved prelubricator and pressurized lubricating fluid reservoir assembly for use primarily with an internal combustion engine, comprising a hollow cylindrical container coupled to the engine lubricating system and mounted at an angle between about 20.degree. and 90.degree. with respect to the horizontal. The container may be coupled to the engine by a valve assembly which permits the unrestricted flow of lubricating fluid out of the reservoir during start up of the engine or during periods of low oil pressure, and into the reservoir during periods of normal engine operation. Also disclosed is an assembly which is particularly advantageous for lubricating the center bearing of an exhaust-driven turbocharger.

Abstract: A capacitance-variation-sensitive touch sensing array system includes an array of electrodes where each electrode is a connected series of conductive tabs and forms either a row or a column of the electrode array; an array of drive lines where each drive line is capacitively coupled to a plurality of the electrodes; a drive signal generator for applying alternating signal packets to the drive lines; an array of sense lines where each sense line is capacitively coupled to a plurality of the electrodes so that signals are derived from the electrodes when drive signals are applied to the drive lines. The number of electrodes is equal to the product of the number of drive lines and the number of sense lines. Based on values derived from signals on the sense lines, a microprocessor provides information associated with touch by an operator.

Abstract: A reduction of hot spots in the combustion chambers and the simultaneous elevation of bore temperature in an internal combustion engine are achieved by a boiling liquid cooling process in which a high molecular weight, high saturation temperature organic coolant is supplied to the coolant jacket of the engine head entirely in the liquid state, thereby greatly reducing the ratio of vapor to liquid in the head jacket for more effective heat transfer from the head to the coolant.

Abstract: A cooling process for an internal combustion engine comprises the steps of mechanically pumping a boilable liquid coolant having a saturation temperature above about 132.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure from the engine coolant jacket through a radiator and back to the coolant jacket, continuously removing by substantially unrestricted convection through at least one outlet in the highest region of the head portion of the coolant jacket substantially all gases other than those that condense in the coolant jacket, conducting gases from the outlet to a condenser, and returning condensate from the condenser to the coolant jacket. Cooling apparatus comprises a liquid cooling circuit and a vapor discharge and condensation circuit adapted to carry out the process.

Abstract: A lubrication assembly for supplying pressurized lubricant to the center bearing of an exhaust-driven turbocharger associated with an internal combustion engine during turbocharger spin down after the engine has been shut down comprises a reservoir means for storing a quantity of lubricant under pressure. The reservoir means is coupled in fluid communication with the lubricant line which supplies lubricant to the center bearing when the engine is running. A valve means controls flow of lubricant between the center bearing lubricant line and the reservoir means. This valve means permits the reservoir means to capture and store lubricant at peak engine lubricant pressure. The valve means releases lubricant from the reservoir means to the center bearing in order to provide lubricant to the center bearing during the turbocharger spin down period after engine shut down when the engine lubricant pump is likewise shut down.

Abstract: In an engine pressurized prelubricator assembly or an assembly for providing pressurized lubricant to the center bearing of an exhaust-driven turbocharger, flow restrictor means are disposed in the conduit connecting the engine lubricant system to the reservoir means for storing pressurized lubricant. The flow restrictor means restricts flow of lubricant into the reservoir means thereby preventing starving of the engine lubricant system for lubricant during charging of the reservoir means with lubricant. The flow restrictor means permits substantially unrestricted flow of lubricant from the reservoir means to the engine or center bearing when lubrication is required. A manually operated valve means is provided for use in the conduit connecting the engine lubricant system to the reservoir means. The rate of flow of lubricant through the valve and hence to and from the reservoir means is selectable by manually operating the valve.

Abstract: A boiling liquid coolant system for a vehicular internal combustion engine which operates at a virtually constant predetermined pressure and predetermined temperature having a condenser which assures that all vaporized coolant is condensed under all engine operating conditions by matching the rate of condensation of vaporized coolant in the condenser to the rate vaporized coolant is generated by the engine and flows to the condenser during operation of the engine. In one embodiment, an electrically-driven fan is actuated by a thermal or pressure sensitive switch in the condenser for assuring an adequate flow of ambient air across the condenser tubes during high ambient air temperature engine operating conditions, e.g., low speed, under load or stationary idle conditions of engine operation, and during the hot soak period after engine shutdown.

Abstract: Lactose having reproducible pH and a lowered ash level can be produced from lactose rich permeate resulting from the ultrafiltration of whey, by adding a small amount of a chelating agent such as a salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as, for instance, the disodium salt, the calcium disodium salt, or an alkali metal polyphosphate, as sodium hexametaphosphate to the lactose containing permeate prior to crystallization of the lactose.

Abstract: A method of producing USP quality lactose which involves(a) adding to lactose rich permeate derived from passing whey through a semipermeable membrane an effective amount of a food grade chelating agent;(b) filtering the lactose rich permeate through a simple filtration system at from about 71.degree.-88.degree. C.;(c) crystallizing the lactose from the permeate at a temperature of from 10.degree.-24.degree. C.; and(d) heating the permeate and lactose crystals to from about 32.degree.-44.degree. C.; and(e) separating, washing and drying the USP quality lactose product.

Abstract: A preoiler and lubricating fluid reservoir for use primarily with an internal combustion engine is disclosed. A hollow cylindrical reservoir is provided with an internal slidable piston which divides the cylinder into a compressed air retaining section and a lubricating fluid retaining section. A solenoid controlled valve assembly, which is controlled by the vehicle's oil pressure sensor unit, regulates the flow of lubricating fluid either out of the reservoir either during start up of the engine or in instances of low oil pressure, and into the reservoir during periods of normal engine operation. The valve is structured to insure that oil flow out of the reservoir during preoiling is unrestricted but that refilling of the reservoir is accomplished only after the engine's oil pressure has come up to normal operating level. The system also serves to provide emergency oiling of the engine should the oil pump fail or a loss of oil pressure be encountered.