Abstract: A cathode for use in electrolytic processes and a process for preparing such cathodes is described. The cathode comprises a cathodically active surface layer applied to a suitable substrate material. The surface layer comprises a codeposit of a first metal selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, and mixtures thereof, and a second metal or metal oxide selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, manganese, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, indium, chromium, zinc, their oxides and combinations thereof. The surface layer is applied from an electroplating solution containing a soluble sulfur-containing compound, such as an alkali metal thiocyanate or thiourea.

Abstract: A cathode for use in electrolytic processes and a process for preparing such cathodes is described. The cathode comprises a cathodically active surface layer, an intermediate binding layer, and a substrate. The intermediate binding layer comprises a codeposit of a first metal selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, and mixtures thereof, and a second metal or metal oxide selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, manganese, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, indium, chromium, zinc, their oxides, and combinations thereof. The intermediate binding layer is applied to the substrate from an electroplating solution containing a soluble sulfur-containing compound, such as an alkali metal thiocyanate or thiourea. The surface layer is applied to the intermediate binding layer and comprises a codeposit of said first and second metals or metal oxides and a third metal selected from the group consisting of cadmium, mercury, lead, silver, thallium, bismuth, copper and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A cathode for use in electrolytic processes and a process for preparing such cathodes is described. The cathode has a cathodically active surface comprising a codeposit of a first metal selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, and mixtures thereof, a leachable second metal or metal oxide preferably selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, manganese, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, indium, chromium, zinc, their oxides, and combinations thereof, and a third metal selected from the group consisting of cadmium, mercury, lead, silver, thallium, bismuth, copper and mixtures thereof. Such cathodes are prepared by initially forming a codeposit of the three metals or metal oxides, and subsequently removing at least a portion of the second metal or metal oxide from the codeposit. The second metal or metal oxide component can be conveniently removed by leaching, utilizing an alkaline solution.

Abstract: A cathode for use in electrolytic processes and a process for preparing such cathodes is described. The cathode has a cathodically active surface comprising a codeposit of a first metal selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, and mixtures thereof, a leachable second metal or metal oxide preferably selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, manganese, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, indium, chromium, zinc, their oxides, and combinations thereof, and a third metal selected from the group consisting of cadmium, mercury, lead, silver, thallium, bismuth, copper and mixtures thereof. Such cathodes are prepared by initially forming a codeposit of the three metals or metal oxides, and subsequently removing at least a portion of the second metal or metal oxide from the codeposit. The second metal or metal oxide component can be conveniently removed by leaching, utilizing an alkaline solution.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell and the method to operate same are described. The cell comprises at least two compartments, first and second, separated by a semipermeable membrane, said compartments containing first and second solvent, electrolyte and electrode.The first compartment is subdivided by a membrane which behaves as a bipolar electrode during the passage of electric current. The bipolar character of the membrane arises due to the evolution of certain atomic or molecular species on one side of the membrane and the ionization of said atomic or molecular species on the opposite side of the membrane. Said electrode also allows recharging of the second electrode. Means of protecting the second electrode from corrosion due to the presence of the first solvent in the second solvent are also described.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for directly converting heat to electricity within an array of thermoelements and heat pipes. The thermoelectric generator contains two conduits for two fluid streams, and a plurality of thermal bridges connecting points in both fluid streams, placing them in an overall counterflow heat exchange relationship. Each thermal bridge comprises at least one heat exchange surface with the first fluid stream, at least one heat exchange surface with the second fluid stream and at least one heat pipe, delivering heat to and/or from the thermoelectric element. The rapid heat delivery capability of the heat pipes, in combination with the counterflow heat exchange relationship between the two fluid streams within the generator, are responsible for the simultaneous considerable improvement of efficiency and power density of the generator.