Abstract: Target assembly for an isotope production system. The target assembly includes a target body having a production chamber and a beam cavity that is adjacent to the production chamber. The production chamber is configured to hold a target material. The beam cavity opens to an exterior of the target body and is configured to receive a particle beam that is incident on the production chamber. The target assembly also includes a target sheet positioned to separate the beam cavity and the production chamber. The target sheet has a side that is exposed to the production chamber such that the target sheet is in contact with the target material during isotope production. The target sheet includes graphene.

Abstract: Target assembly for an isotope production system. The target assembly includes a target body having a production chamber and a beam cavity that is adjacent to the production chamber. The production chamber is configured to hold a target material. The beam cavity opens to an exterior of the target body and is configured to receive a particle beam that is incident on the production chamber. The target assembly also includes a target sheet positioned to separate the beam cavity and the production chamber. The target sheet has a side that is exposed to the production chamber such that the target sheet is in contact with the target material during isotope production. The target sheet includes graphene.

Abstract: A self-shielding target for isotope production systems is provided. The target includes a body configured to encase a target material and having a passageway for a charged particle beam, and a component within the body, wherein the charged particle beam induces radioactivity in the component. Additionally, at least one portion of the body is formed from a material having a density value greater than a density value of aluminum to shield the component.

Abstract: A target apparatus for a radioisotope production system. The target apparatus includes a production chamber that is configured to contain a starting liquid. The production chamber is configured to receive a particle beam that is incident upon the starting liquid thereby generating radioisotopes and transforming a portion of the starting liquid into vapor. The target apparatus also includes a condensing chamber and a fluid channel that fluidly couples the production and condensing chambers and is configured to allow the vapor to flow from the production chamber to the condensing chamber. The condensing chamber is configured to transform the vapor into a condensed liquid.

Abstract: Isotope production system including a particle accelerator configured to produce a particle beam. The isotope production system also includes a target apparatus having a window configured to receive a particle beam and also separate production and condensing chambers. The production chamber is configured to contain a starting liquid and located so that the particle beam is incident upon the starting liquid thereby generating radioisotopes and transforming a portion of the starting liquid into vapor. The target apparatus also includes a fluid channel that extends between and fluidly couples the production and condensing chambers. The fluid channel is configured to allow the vapor to flow from the production chamber into the condensing chamber. The condensing chamber is configured to transform the vapor in the condensing chamber into a condensed liquid.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing encrypted content distributed for end users in multiple services includes receiving entitlement information for a subset of at least two of the services separately from the encrypted content for the services and either calculating decryption key information for the subset of services from the entitlement information and storing the decryption key information in memory so that decryption key information for a selected service can subsequently be read from memory, or storing the entitlement information for the subset of services in memory so that the entitlement information for a selected service can subsequently be read from memory and decryption key information for the selected service can be calculated.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing encrypted content distributed for end users in multiple services includes receiving entitlement information for a subset of at least two of the services separately from the encrypted content for the services and either calculating decryption key information for the subset of services from the entitlement information and storing the decryption key information in memory so that decryption key information for a selected service can subsequently be read from memory, or storing the entitlement information for the subset of services in memory so that the entitlement information for a selected service can subsequently be read from memory and decryption key information for the selected service can be calculated.

Abstract: Isotope production system including a particle accelerator configured to produce a particle beam. The isotope production system also includes a target apparatus having a window configured to receive a particle beam and also separate production and condensing chambers. The production chamber is configured to contain a starting liquid and located so that the particle beam is incident upon the starting liquid thereby generating radioisotopes and transforming a portion of the starting liquid into vapor. The target apparatus also includes a fluid channel that extends between and fluidly couples the production and condensing chambers. The fluid channel is configured to allow the vapor to flow from the production chamber into the condensing chamber. The condensing chamber is configured to transform the vapor in the condensing chamber into a condensed liquid.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing encrypted content distributed for end users in multiple services includes receiving entitlement information for a subset of at least two of the services separately from the encrypted content for the services and either calculating decryption key information for the subset of services from the entitlement information and storing the decryption key information in memory so that decryption key information for a selected service can subsequently be read from memory, or storing the entitlement information for the subset of services in memory so that the entitlement information for a selected service can subsequently be read from memory and decryption key information for the selected service can be calculated.

Abstract: An isotope production system that includes a cyclotron having a magnet yoke that surrounds an acceleration chamber. The cyclotron is configured to direct a particle beam from the acceleration chamber through the magnet yoke. The isotope production system also includes a target system that is located proximate to the magnet yoke. The target system is configured to hold a target material and includes a radiation shield that extends between the magnet yoke and the target location. The radiation shield is sized and shaped to attenuate gamma rays emitted from the target material toward the magnet yoke. The isotope production system also includes a beam passage that extends from the acceleration chamber to the target location. The beam passage is at least partially formed by the magnet yoke and the radiation shield of the target system.

Abstract: A target apparatus for a radioisotope production system. The target apparatus includes a production chamber that is configured to contain a starting liquid. The production chamber is configured to receive a particle beam that is incident upon the starting liquid thereby generating radioisotopes and transforming a portion of the starting liquid into vapor. The target apparatus also includes a condensing chamber and a fluid channel that fluidly couples the production and condensing chambers and is configured to allow the vapor to flow from the production chamber to the condensing chamber. The condensing chamber is configured to transform the vapor into a condensed liquid.

Abstract: A cyclotron that includes a magnet yoke having a yoke body that surrounds an acceleration chamber. The cyclotron also includes a magnet assembly to produce magnetic fields to direct charged particles along a desired path. The magnet assembly is located in the acceleration chamber. The magnetic fields propagate through the acceleration chamber and within the magnet yoke, wherein a portion of the magnetic fields escapes outside of the magnet yoke as stray fields. The cyclotron also includes a vacuum pump that is coupled to the yoke body. The vacuum pump is configured to introduce a vacuum into the acceleration chamber. The magnet yoke is dimensioned such that the vacuum pump does not experience magnetic fields in excess of 75 Gauss.

Abstract: A cyclotron that includes a magnet yoke that has a yoke body that surrounds an acceleration chamber and a magnet assembly. The magnet assembly is configured to produce magnetic fields to direct charged particles along a desired path. The magnet assembly is located in the acceleration chamber. The magnetic fields propagate through the acceleration chamber and within the magnet yoke. A portion of the magnetic fields escape outside of the magnet yoke as stray fields. The magnet yoke is dimensioned such that the stray fields do not exceed 5 Gauss at a distance of 1 meter from an exterior boundary.

Abstract: A cyclotron that includes a magnet assembly to produce a magnetic field to direct charged particles along a desired path. The cyclotron also includes a magnet yoke that has a yoke body that surrounds an acceleration chamber. The magnet assembly is located in the yoke body. The yoke body forms a pump acceptance (PA) cavity that is fluidicly coupled to the acceleration chamber. The cyclotron also includes a vacuum pump that is configured to introduce a vacuum into the acceleration chamber. The vacuum pump is positioned in the PA cavity.

Abstract: A self-shielding target for isotope production systems is provided. The target includes a body configured to encase a target material and having a passageway for a charged particle beam, and a component within the body, wherein the charged particle beam induces radioactivity in the component. Additionally, at least one portion of the body is formed from a material having a density value greater than a density value of aluminum to shield the component.

Abstract: An isotope production system that includes a cyclotron having a magnet yoke that surrounds an acceleration chamber. The cyclotron is configured to direct a particle beam from the acceleration chamber through the magnet yoke. The isotope production system also includes a target system that is located proximate to the magnet yoke. The target system is configured to hold a target material and includes a radiation shield that extends between the magnet yoke and the target location. The radiation shield is sized and shaped to attenuate gamma rays emitted from the target material toward the magnet yoke. The isotope production system also includes a beam passage that extends from the acceleration chamber to the target location. The beam passage is at least partially formed by the magnet yoke and the radiation shield of the target system.

Abstract: A cyclotron that includes a magnet assembly to produce a magnetic field to direct charged particles along a desired path. The cyclotron also includes a magnet yoke that has a yoke body that surrounds an acceleration chamber. The magnet assembly is located in the yoke body. The yoke body forms a pump acceptance (PA) cavity that is fluidicly coupled to the acceleration chamber. The cyclotron also includes a vacuum pump that is configured to introduce a vacuum into the acceleration chamber. The vacuum pump is positioned in the PA cavity.

Abstract: A cyclotron that includes a magnet yoke having a yoke body that surrounds an acceleration chamber. The cyclotron also includes a magnet assembly to produce magnetic fields to direct charged particles along a desired path. The magnet assembly is located in the acceleration chamber. The magnetic fields propagate through the acceleration chamber and within the magnet yoke, wherein a portion of the magnetic fields escapes outside of the magnet yoke as stray fields. The cyclotron also includes a vacuum pump that is coupled to the yoke body. The vacuum pump is configured to introduce a vacuum into the acceleration chamber. The magnet yoke is dimensioned such that the vacuum pump does not experience magnetic fields in excess of 75 Gauss.

Abstract: A cyclotron that includes a magnet yoke that has a yoke body that surrounds an acceleration chamber and a magnet assembly. The magnet assembly is configured to produce magnetic fields to direct charged particles along a desired path. The magnet assembly is located in the acceleration chamber. The magnetic fields propagate through the acceleration chamber and within the magnet yoke. A portion of the magnetic fields escape outside of the magnet yoke as stray fields. The magnet yoke is dimensioned such that the stray fields do not exceed 5 Gauss at a distance of 1 meter from an exterior boundary.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus that can improve the lifetime and performance of an ion source in a cyclotron. According to one embodiment, the invention comprises an ion source tube for sustaining a plasma discharge therein. The ion source tube comprises a slit opening along a side of the ion source tube, wherein the slit opening has a width less than 0.29 mm. The ion source tube also comprises an end opening in an end of the ion source tube. The end opening is smaller than an inner diameter of the ion source tube and is displaced by 0-1.5 mm from a central axis of the ion source tube toward the slit opening. The plasma column is displaced 0.2 to 0.5 mm relative the slit opening. The ion source tube comprises a cavity that accommodates the plasma discharge. The invention also relates to a method for making an ion source tube.