Abstract: An electrosurgical instrument is provided. The electrosurgical instrument includes an active electrode in close proximity to a return electrode. The active electrode has a first thermal diffusivity. The second electrode has a second thermal diffusivity greater than the first thermal diffusivity. The volume, shape, and thermal diffusivity of the second electrode facilitate the transport of heat.

Abstract: A bipolar electrosurgical tool including a shaft to which active and return electrodes are mounted. The return electrode is mounted to the shaft and shaped to have an exposed surface that, in at least one direction has a substantially linear profile. A bore extends through the return electrode and opens into the portion of the exposed surface with the substantially linear profile. The active electrode is seated in the bore and extends forward from the exposed surface. A collar formed from electrically insulating material extends over the portion of the active electrode adjacent the return electrode. The collar extends both outwardly of the active electrode and forward of the exposed surface of the return electrode.

Abstract: An electrosurgical instrument is provided. The electrosurgical instrument includes an active electrode in close proximity to a return electrode. The active electrode has a first thermal diffusivity. The second electrode has a second thermal diffusivity greater than the first thermal diffusivity. The volume, shape, and thermal diffusivity of the second electrode facilitate the transport of heat.

Abstract: An electrosurgical electrode having a distal end for transferring the energy to the tissue and a thermal reservoir spaced apart from the distal end. The materials and shape of the electrode promote the flow of heat away from the distal tip so as to reduce the temperature of the tip during electrosurgery, to reduce tissue damage and to prevent the tissue from sticking to the electrode tip. The electrode is composed of a bio-compatible and highly thermally conductive metal, such as silver or gold of high purity, or alloy of those two metals. The shape provides a cross-sectional area that is constant or increasing as the distance from the tip increases. The rounded distal end transitions into a cylindrical section which then transitions into the thermal reservoir. The thermal reservoir is also cylindrical, having a cross-sectional area that is larger than the cross-sectional area of the first cylindrical section.

Abstract: Electrosurgical forceps including two electrodes, each having a tip that is composed of a material that has the characteristics of electrical conductivity, high thermal diffusivity, and biocompatibility. Such characteristics allow the forceps to be used in medical applications to perform electrosurgery with a minimum of sticking to the tissue. These desired characteristics are found with pure silver and pure gold, as well as biocompatible alloys of silver and/or gold that are nearly entirely composed of silver and/or gold. The electrodes may include a thermal reservoir of this material spaced apart from a distal end of the electrode, with the thermal reservoir having a greater cross-sectional area than the distal end.

Abstract: A water separator is disclosed and which is specially suited for withdrawing dry gas from liquid/gas from a patient's exhalation for analysis thereof. The separator utilizes a conduit constructed of a gas permeable material, preferably expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, surrounded by a cylindrical, annular chamber. As the liquid/gas flows through the conduit at a predetermined flow, a negative pressure differential is created between the annular chamber and the conduit to draw the dry gas through the gas permeable material. The conduit is subject to radial expansion upon the patient's exhalation and the annular chamber has a predetermined minimum diameter that is sufficient to allow the conduit to expand without contact between the conduit and an inner surface forming the chamber. The minimum diameter also minimizes the volume of the annular chamber to resist the formation of dead air spaces in the annular chamber.