Abstract: A sensing device includes a plurality of micro sensors configured to detect electrical conductivity. The micro sensors are coated with graphene. The graphene prevents biofouling of the micro sensors.

Abstract: A method uses flow cytometry to prepare surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for obtaining SERS spectra of bacteria. The method involves using a flow cytometer to sort bacterial cells into populations of bacterial cells based upon their biophysical characteristics. The cells may then be washed with a borate buffer to remove any chemical species that degrade the SERS response. A colloid-coated bacteria suspension is then created by mixing one of the populations of bacterial cells with SERS-active colloidal particles. The colloid-coated bacteria suspension is incubated until the SERS-active colloidal particles partition through the capsule and bind to the cell wall for each bacterial cell in the colloid-coated bacteria suspension. The colloid-coated bacteria suspension is then disposed onto a filter and a SERS spectra of the colloid-coated bacteria suspension is obtained using a Raman spectrometer.

Abstract: A method uses flow cytometry to prepare surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for obtaining SERS spectra of bacteria. The method involves using a flow cytometer to sort bacterial cells into populations of bacterial cells based upon their biophysical characteristics. The cells may then be washed with a borate buffer to remove any chemical species that degrade the SERS response. A colloid-coated bacteria suspension is then created by mixing one of the populations of bacterial cells with SERS-active colloidal particles. The colloid-coated bacteria suspension is incubated until the SERS-active colloidal particles partition through the capsule and bind to the cell wall for each bacterial cell in the colloid-coated bacteria suspension. The colloid-coated bacteria suspension is then disposed onto a filter and a SERS spectra of the colloid-coated bacteria suspension is obtained using a Raman spectrometer.

Abstract: A method for power delivery comprising the steps of coupling a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) to a load system, wherein the PEM-FC is powered by hydrogen gas and oxygen; using a blower to deliver oxygen to the PEM-FC; using an automated electro-chemical control system to monitor PEM-FC hydrogen gas levels, PEM-FC voltage, and load demands; determining that more hydrogen gas is required to fuel the PEM-FC, mixing sodium borohydride, a catalyst, and water, releasing hydrogen gas and delivering the hydrogen gas to the PEM-FC, and transferring the resulting power from the PEM-FC to the load system.