Abstract: Calender for the treatment of a paper web, which comprises at least one roll stack that can be loaded from the end, has a stack plane and comprises end rolls and at least one intermediate roll, which comprise hard and soft rolls for forming working nips between a hard and a soft roll in each case, and some of the rolls being heatable, the roll stack having at least one intermediate roll, on whose periphery, on one roll stack side, two rolls that can in each case be displaced with respect to the stack plane bifurcate the roll stack.

Abstract: A roll for use in a calender or a like machine has a carrier which is surrounded by a flexible cylindrical shell. One or more hydrostatic displacing units are installed between the carrier and the shell to deform, when necessary, one or more selected portions of the shell. Each displacing unit has a bearing element with an external surface which is closely adjacent the internal surface of the shell and has one or more pockets for reception of a heated pressurized hydraulic fluid. Each bearing element has a second surface which faces away from the external surface, and the respective displacing unit further comprises one or more plenum chambers adjacent the second surface of the bearing element. The pocket or pockets of the bearing element receive heated fluid from a first source, and the plenum chamber or chambers of the bearing element receive compressed oil or another hydraulic fluid from a second source which can include one or more parts of the first source or vice versa.

Abstract: A calender roll wherein a cylindrical shell is rotatably mounted on a stationary carrier by way of bearings which are disposed in the end portions of the shell. The median portion of the shell is heated by a first heating device, and the end portions of the shell are heated by a discrete second heating device. The second heating device has channels which are provided in the end portions of the shell and/or indictive heaters which are adjacent to the exterior of the end portions of the shell. Alternatively or in addition to such expedients, the second heating device can include the bearings in the end portions of the shell; each such bearing includes or constitutes an axial or radial hydrostatic bearing which is heated by hydraulic fluid to thereby heat the respective end portion of the shell. The second heating device ensures that the effective length of the shell approximates or even matches the axial length of the shell.

Abstract: A calendar wherein a bottom roll and a deformable top roll flank one or more intermediate rolls is operated in such a way that the shape of the top roll is caused to conform to that of the adjacent intermediate roll before the nip of the top roll with the adjacent roll is narrowed. At least the top roll is heated to enhance the satinizing effect upon paper webs without unduly affecting the specific volume of treated material. It is further proposed to subject the bottom roll to preliminary deformation and/or to heat the bottom roll and/or one or more intermediate rolls.

Abstract: A calender roll wherein a cylindrical shell is rotatably mounted on a stationary carrier by way of bearings which are disposed in the end portions of the shell. The median portion of the shell is heated by a first heating device, and the end portions of the shell are heated by a discrete second heating device. The second heating device has channels which are provided in the end portions of the shell and/or indictive heaters which are adjacent to the exterior of the end portions of the shell. Alternatively or in addition to such expedients, the second heating device can include the bearings in the end portions of the shell; each such bearing includes or constitutes an axial or radical hydrostatic bearing which is heated by hydraulic fluid to thereby heat the respective end portion of the shell. The second heating device ensures that the effective length of the shell approximates or even matches the axial length of the shell.

Abstract: A roll for use in the system of rolls of a calender has a stationary carrier which is surrounded by a deformable hollow cylindrical shell movable radially relative to the carrier and having end portions which surround and are rotatable relative to rings which are also movable relative to the carrier in the radial direction of the shell. The rings can be arrested in selected positions with reference to the carrier by pairs of hydraulic cylinder and piston units which are connected with the outlets of pumps or with the outlet of a single pump by conduits containing shutoff valves. Refilling devices are provided to compensate for leakage of fluid from the chambers. The shell is deformable by rows of hydrostatic supporting elements which react against the carrier and bear against the internal surface of the shell.

Abstract: A pressure roll for use in calenders has a stationary carrier for a shell which is rotatable and movable radially of the carrier. The end portions of the shell surround antifriction bearings which, in turn, surround sleeves capable of moving radially of stubs constituting the end portions of the carrier. The sleeves are pivotally connected to the carrier for oscillatory movement about an axis which is parallel to the axis of the carrier and is angularly offset from one or more hydrostatic or otherwise configurated supporting devices operating between the carrier and the shell to change the radial position of the shell and/or to change the shape of one or more selected portions of the shell. Pivotal mounting of the sleeves on the carrier reduces friction and facilitates accurate adjustment of the radial position of the shell with reference to the carrier.

Abstract: The invention is to a roller unit for calenders, planishers or the like, comprising a flex-compensated roller having a roller shell which is hydraulically supported, for the compensation of sags, the roller assembly comprising a mating roller, whereby one of the rollers exhibits a surface engraving, characterized in that the flex-compensated roller is provided with the surface engraving; and in that the surface engraving or, respectively, its carrier is detachably arranged.

Abstract: A system of rolls for use in a calender has an end roll with a fixed carrier and a deformable hollow cylindrical shell surrounding the carrier with freedom of radial movement and defining with a neighboring roll an elongated nip for a running web of paper, textile material or the like. The end roll has a row of primary hydrostatic supporting elements disposed between the carrier and the shell adjacent the nip and a row of secondary hydrostatic supporting elements diametrically opposite the row of primary supporting elements. The bearings between the end portions of the shell and the carrier surround rings which are movable relative to the carrier radially of the shell and can be arrested in selected positions by cylinder and piston units which are connected to a source of pressurized fluid by way of shutoff valves.

Abstract: A pressure roll for use in calenders has a fixed carrier for a hollow cylindrical shell which is rotatable about and is movable radially of the carrier. The position of the shell relative to the carrier and the positions of longitudinal increments of the shell relative to each other are regulated by one or more supporting devices each of which has a row of neighboring hydrostatic bearing elements having convex surfaces with pockets adjacent the internal surface of the shell and being urged against the shell by discrete cylinder and piston units, one for each bearing element. Each bearing element has an elongated elliptical or rectangular outline and has a width in the circumferential direction of the shell which greatly exceeds its length in the axial direction of the shell. Each cylinder and piston unit has a piston whose cross-sectional outline equals or approximates that of the respective bearing element and which is only slightly smaller than the respective bearing element.

Abstract: A roll for use in a calender has a stationary carrier which is surrounded by a hollow cylindrical shell with the interposition of a hydraulically operated displacing unit which can flex selected portions of the shell when necessary so as to establish a preselected nip between the peripheral surface of the shell and the shell of an adjoining roll. The hydrostatic displacing unit is flanked by two antifriction bearings which operate between the carrier and the shell and are lubricated by a circuit which is independent of the circuit that supplies hydraulic fluid to the displacing unit. This renders it possible to use in the displacing unit a fluid whose temperature is much higher than the maximum permissible temperature of lubricant for the bearings. The bearings are sealed from the respective ends of the displacing unit by single seals or by multiple seals, and any leak fluid which penetrates beyond the neighboring seal is evacuated through one or more channels in the carrier and/or in the shell.

Abstract: A roll for use in a calender has a stationary carrier for a hollow cylindrical shell whose end portions are supported by combined radial and axial bearings surrounding annular bearing members which, in turn, surround the end portions of the carrier. The carrier defines with each bearing member a set of chambers which are sealed from the atmosphere and can receive pressurized hydraulic fluid to ensure that the end portions of the shell are biased toward a second roll with a requisite force as well that the end portions of the shell are stabilized against lateral and/or other stray movements. The fluid in the chambers ensures that the shell can be acted upon by large forces without unduly stressing the antifriction bearings. The bearing members flank a hydrostatic bearing unit which acts between the central portion of the shell and the carrier.

Abstract: A calender roll wherein the flexible shell is supported by a row of primary hydrostatic bearing elements serving to transmit first forces toward the nip of such roll with a second roll and wherein the shell is further acted upon by a row of secondary hydrostatic bearing elements which generate second forces opposing the first forces. The rate of fluid flow through the secondary bearing elements is regulated with a view to conform the temperature of the shell along the nip of the two rolls to a preselected pattern. To this end, the compensator of a computer in the fluid pressure regulating unit insures that pressure changes are distributed among the primary and secondary bearing elements with a view to match each change of the first forces by an equal change of the second forces. The temperature of the fluid is regulated only ahead of the regulating unit.

Abstract: A calender wherein a permanently installed main roll cooperates with at least one exchangeable roll to provide a nip for the passage of a web of paper or the like. The end portions of the exchangeable roll are mounted in bearings which are insertable into and extractible from sockets provided in levers which are pivotably mounted in the frame of the calender. The calender has a transporting unit which is provided with grippers for the bearings and with motors which reciprocate the grippers to extract the bearings from their sockets after the levers are pivoted to positions in which the exchangeable roll is spaced apart from the main roll. The transporting unit thereupon transfers the exchangeable roll onto a mobile rack which can be transported to a station where the exchangeable roll is repaired.

Abstract: A magnetic audio or video tape is smoothed and/or otherwise treated by causing it to pass through one or more calenders wherein a large-diameter primary calender roll is heated from within and the major part of its peripheral surface is surrounded by the running tape. The primary roll rotates about a fixed axis and is surrounded by a cluster of two or more smaller-diameter secondary calender rolls each of which has a viscoelastic peripheral layer and each of which can be individually biased against the adjacent portion of the running tape with a selected force. The magnetic film on the tape is out of contact with the secondary rolls as well as with the guide rollers which cause the tape to advance toward the peripheral surface of the primary roll and thereupon toward a takeup reel.

Abstract: The roll assembly of a calender has at least one roll with a deformable shell which surrounds a rigid carrier and whose end portions surround discrete antifriction bearings. The intermediate portion of the shell surrounds one or more rows of hydrostatic supporting elements which can be acted upon by adjustable fluid-operated motors to change the shape of the intermediate portion in a plane including the axes of the one roll and the neighboring roll as well as at right angles to such plane. Stresses which are applied to the bearings for the end portions of the shell are monitored by several sensors which transmit signals to a control system to regulate the deformation of the shell in such a way that the stresses upon the bearings are minimized or reduced to zero. This enables the intermediate portion of the shell to undergo deformation which is best suited for optimum treatment of the material passing through the nip of the one roll and the neighboring roll.

Abstract: A pressure roll for use in a calender has a beam whose end portions are mounted in a stationary frame and which is spacedly surrounded by a hollow cylindrical shell. Groups of hydrostatic supporting elements are installed in the space between the shell and the beam, and each such group has several supporting elements, as considered in the circumferential direction of the shell. Each supporting element has several hydraulic pressure transmitting cylinder and piston units which are adjacent to each other, as considered in the circumferential direction of the shell. The axis of the shell is held in a supporting plane which includes the axis of the pressure roll as well as the axis of an adjacent roll, and such retention of the axis of the shell in the supporting plane is effected exclusively by regulating the pressure of hydraulic fluid in selected pressure transmitting units. The end portions of the shell are movable radially of the respective portions of the beam.

Abstract: A calender roll wherein a hollow rotary cylindrical shell surrounds a stationary carrier and the latter supports a set of hydraulic cylinder and piston units serving to urge the external surface of a bearing element toward the internal surface of the shell. The external surface of the bearing element is formed with liquid-filled pockets each of which communicates with the cylinder chamber of a pressure generating unit. The cylinder chambers receive pressurized liquid from a pump via first conduits whose resistance to the flow of liquid is more pronounced than that of second conduits which directly connect the cylinder chambers with one or more hydropneumatic accumulators.

Abstract: A system of rolls for use in a calender, printer or rolling mill has a pair of rolls at least one of which has a hollow cylindrical shell with an elastically deformable line. The shell surrounds a stationary carrier and confines a row of electromagnetic or hydraulic force applying devices which can be adjusted individually to thereby regulate the pressure between the two rolls and hence the temperature at the exterior of the liner. Such temperature is monitored by one or more sensors, and the signals from such sensors are processed by a computer which regulates an adjusting unit for the force applying devices so that the pattern of temperatures along the external surface of the liner matches an optimum pattern.

Abstract: An arrangement for calendering bands of paper and like materials has one or more inelastic calendering rollers. Elastically deformable working rollers are associated with the calendering roller or rollers and are movable between operative positions in which they cooperate with the calendering roller or rollers to calender the bands and inoperative positions. Each of the rollers is rotated at a predetermined peripheral speed at which it calenders the bands. At least one of the working rollers has a drive capable of rotating it at a peripheral speed which is a small fraction of the predetermined peripheral speed. This working roller serves as a spare and is held in its inoperative position during a calendering operation while being rotated at a lower peripheral speed.