Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the continuous preparation of methoxyamine hydrochloride by cleavage of acetone oxime methyl ether by means of hydrogen chloride and water, wherein the cleavage is carried out in a reaction column having less than 20 theoretical plates and the amount taken off at the top is set to at least 30% of the amount of feed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing N-acylated (hetero)aromatic hydroxylamine derivatives of formula (I), wherein the substituents, the ring atom and the index have the meanings give in the Description, by hydrogenating a (hetero)aromatic nitro-compound of general formula (II) in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst.

Abstract: A process for preparing methyl 2-(2-methylphenyl)-3-methoxyacrylate (I) by formylation of methyl 2-methylphenylacetate (II) ##STR1## in an inert solvent in the presence of a base, and subsequent methylation of the enolate III formed ##STR2## where M.sup.+ is an alkali metal cation.

Abstract: 2-(3-Pyrazolyloxymethylene)nitrobenzene [sic] derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## where the substituents and indices have the meanings given in the description,are prepared by bromination of an o-nitrotoluene of the formula II ##STR2## and subsequent reaction with a 3-hydroxypyrazole of the formula IV ##STR3##

Abstract: A process is described for preparing N-substituted 3-hydroxypyrazoles of the formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl andR.sup.2, R.sup.3 are hydrogen, cyano, halogen and unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl,by oxidizing a corresponding pyrazolidin-3-one.

Abstract: Process for preparing methyl isopropylideneaminooxyacetoxyacetate I ##STR1## by reacting in an integrated process, a) acetone with hydroxylammonium sulfate and sodium hydroxide solution to give acetone oxime, the reaction being performed in the presence of toluene and/or the acetone oxime being extracted from the reaction mixture with toluene,b) treating the toluene solution thus obtained with sodium hydroxide solution and removing water,c) exchanging toluene for a dipolar aprotic solvent by distillation,d) reacting the crystal mash thus obtained with the sodium salt of chloroacetic acid to give the sodium salt of isopropylideneaminooxyacetic acid and then treating the reaction mixture with methyl chloroacetate ande) isolating the methyl isopropylideneaminooxyacetoxyacetate formed in d).

Abstract: Preparation of O-substituted hydroxylammonium salts of the formula IH.sub.2 NOR x HX Iwhere R is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl or C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 -alkenyl radical, each of which may be halogen-substituted, and X is chlorine or bromine, by reacting in an integrated process, without isolation of intermediatesa) acetone with hydroxylammonium sulfate and sodium hydroxide solution to give acetone oxime;b) treating the solution of acetone oxime thus obtained with sodium hydroxide solution and completely removing water,c) reacting the suspension of the acetone oxime Na salt thus obtained with alkylating agents at from 0.5 to 15 bar and at up to 140.degree. C. to give acetone oxime ethers; andd) cleaving the acetone oxime ethers with acids HX to give the products I,a homogeneous, nonpolar aprotic solvent being used in all process steps a) to d).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and arrangement for preparing a fuel-metering signal M for a diesel engine starting with measured variables such as accelerator pedal position, rotational speed, lambda, exhaust gas temperature or torque. A fuel quantity request MW is pregiven in dependence upon the position of the accelerator pedal. This quantity request MW is supplied to a minimum selector together with a second signal. The output signal M of the minimum selector, in turn, determines the metered fuel. The second signal derives from a precontrol characteristic field 50 in dependence upon the speed. The output signal of the precontrol characteristic field MV is influenced by the controller output signal MR in specific operating conditions.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method and arrangement for controlling a self-igniting internal combustion engine. The arrangement includes at least one measured-value sensor, electronic control unit for forming a quantity signal for metering fuel, and a control unit for driving individual actuators for each cylinder. The actuators determine the quantity of fuel injected by the pump elements into the cylinders. Under specific conditions, a corrective unit is activated which determines corrective values specific to the cylinders for making the cylinders equal. The open-loop control unit applies the metering signal to the actuators in dependence upon the quantity signal and the corrective values.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method and an arrangement for controlling the fuel injection in a high-pressure fuel pump. Magnetic valves determine the fuel quantity to be injected into the engine. The magnetic valve is controlled during the pumping phase of the pumping element in such a manner that first a preinjection and then a main injection is carried out. In specific operating conditions, the control apparatus determines the duration of the drive pulses for the magnetic valve at which a preinjection just takes place. With the duration of the drive pulses as a basis, the control apparatus forms compensating signals for the drive pulses which effect preinjection and stores the same.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and arrangement for controlling the fuel metered to an engine and especially to a diesel engine. The engine includes a fuel pump drive by a shaft for which injection start and injection end is fixed by a corresponding control of the electromagnetically actuated valve. The drive pulses for pump-delivery start and pump-delivery end are generated in dependence upon the analog signal of an angle sensor.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for the cylinder-group specific control of a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine and an apparatus for carrying out the method for cylinder-group specific optimization of the efficiency of the internal combustion engine. The control strategy includes a first step for generating time-dependent signals to influence the air ratio lambda of the air-fuel mixture supplied to at least any two cylinder groups each made up of at least one cylinder. The air ratio lambda is influenced such that the air ratio is modified in a cylinder-group specific manner and that the mean air ratio of the air-fuel mixture supplied to all cylinders is maintained constant. A second step follows to detect the reaction of the internal combustion engine to the signals of the first step, this reaction manifesting itself in a modification of an output quantity.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an apparatus and a method for controlling the operating characteristic quantities of an internal combustion engine, with a characteristic set up with operating quantities of the internal combustion engine for pre-control of engine variables influencing the operating characteristic quantities, and with a control arrangement, responsive to at least one engine variable, for correctively influencing the characteristic values. The values stored in the characteristic field and selected in dependence on operating characteristic quantities of the internal combustion engine are modified via the control arrangement to correctively influence the characteristic values. In addition, the characteristic values lying within the defined region of the characteristic value modified are also changed in dependence on the modification of this particular characteristic value.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an apparatus for metering an air-fuel mixture to an internal combustion engine. The apparatus includes a characteristic field set up with operating quantities of the internal combustion engine for anticipatorily controlling engine variables that influence the air-fuel mixture and a control arrangement, responsive to at least one engine variable, for correctively influencing the characteristic field values. The characteristic field values are stored in the characteristic field and selected in dependence on operating quantities of the internal combustion engine. The characteristic field values are modified by means of different control methods to correctively influence the same. More specifically, the control methods include a control to a minimal specific fuel consumption in the lower and part-load ranges as well as a control to maximum power in the upper load range as may be necessary.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an apparatus for controlling the operating characteristic quantities of an internal combustion engine. The apparatus includes a characteristic field for pre-controlling engine variables influencing the operating characteristic quantities. The characteristic field is made up of the operating characteristic quantities. The apparatus further includes a control arrangement for controlling to maximum power output of the engine. The control arrangement is superposed on the pre-control and includes means for determining corrective values from the control loop in a predetermined operating range of the engine. The corrective values are applied to influence all of the pre-control values of the characteristic field over all operating ranges. With the apparatus of the invention, it is possible in a simple manner to consider changes in the surrounding factors that influence the engine.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an apparatus for metering an air-fuel mixture to an internal combustion engine with an extreme-value control arrangement for controlling to a minimal specific consumption of fuel. The extreme-value control arrangement includes a test signal generator for acting upon the fuel metered to the engine. The rotational speed and a fuel metering signal are applied by the extreme-value control arrangement as actual information with respect to the minimal specific fuel consumption. In particular, the quantities of rotational speed change and the change in duration of fuel injection are utilized to determine the minimal consumption in the case of an internal combustion engine equipped with fuel injection. Further, for a minimal consumption control, it has been shown to be advantageous to consider information as to which gear of the transmission of the engine is in place.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for optimizing operational variables of an internal combustion engine, such as the output, or the fuel consumption, by means of the variation of engine variables and the detection of the relative variations thus resulting in the operational variables and a corresponding follow-up of the engine variables which includes a control device, with which the engine variables are preset and are variable at selectable times and/or upon the appearance of certain operational variables or changes in operational variables and the corresponding reactions serve for determining the optimum output and/or the minimum specific fuel consumption. Thus, on the basis of the most precise possible presetting of the various values, a change in the engine variables and a corresponding change in the individual variables in accordance with the particular reaction at that time take place only at fixed times or at fixed combinations of operational variables.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of pyrazoles by reacting a pyrazoline with sulfur or selenium in a solvent.

Abstract: Acetals of malonaldehyde are prepared by reacting an orthoester with a vinyl ether in the presence of a catalytic amount of FeCl.sub.3. The malonaldehyde acetals obtainable by the process according to the invention are valuable intermediates in the preparation of dyes, crop protection agents and drugs.

Abstract: To provide a suitable number of display fields (e.g. ARRIVAL; TIME; etc.), each of which characterizes and identifies the significance or import or meaning of a displayed numerical value on a display device (16), the display fields are associated in groups or sets (11-15; 42-45) having a particular geometric position (columns; segmental), and a plurality of keys (21-25) are provided with each key being associated with a group or set of the display fields, and connected to a counter (61) to select a particular one of the display fields within the group or set by the number of key operations, the numerical value associated with the display field then being displayed on the numerical display (16).