Abstract: A shield comprising a refractory material resistant to pentration by a continuous stream of molten steel and a retaining means to hold the refractory material contiguous to a heat absorption surface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling the thickness of a metal strip cast by pouring molten metal between a pair of closely spaced, water-cooled rotating rolls. The temperature of at least one of the rolls is measured at a fixed position relative to the roll bite before and during the cast. The rotational speed of the rolls is adjusted in proportion to a measured roll separation or roll separating force corrected by the roll temperature measured during the cast such that a predetermined and substantially uniform thickness of the metal strip is produced.

Abstract: A distributor for introducing molten metal into a continuous casting machine. The molten metal is allowed to flow through two interconnected compartments before it is introduced into the continuous casting machine.

Abstract: An apparatus for the continuous casting of molten metal between a pair of closely spaced water-cooled rolls in which the first roll is held in a fixed horizontal position by vertical support members attached to a structural base member. The second roll is also held in a horizontal position by vertical support members pivotedly attached to the structural base member in a manner such that the second roll is able to move freely and essentially in a horizontal direction with respect to the first roll during casting.

Abstract: A method of introducing molten metal, especially steel into a rectangular, open-ended continuous casting mold. The method is especially suitable for the continuous casting of high quality steel blooms and billets. The molten metal is introduced beneath the surface of a pool of molten metal contained in the mold from a submerged pouring nozzle as four fixed streams oriented with respect to the mold walls so as to produce a circulatory flow of molten metal around the perimeter of the mold.