Abstract: A magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) device includes a first array region and a second array region on a substrate, a first magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) on the first array region, a first top electrode on the first MTJ, a second MTJ on the second array region, and a second top electrode on the second MTJ. Preferably, the first top electrode and the second top electrode include different nitrogen to titanium (N/Ti) ratios.

Abstract: A Bluetooth Integrated Circuit includes a receiver, a transmitter, and a control circuit. The receiver circuit is configured to receive a scan request packet from an electronic device, and the scan request packet being transmitted by the electronic device in accordance with a Bluetooth wireless low energy standard. The transmitter circuit is configured to transmit a data packet or an advertising packet, and the control circuit is coupled to the receiver circuit and the transmitter circuit. When the receiver circuit receives the scan request packet, the control circuit detects a transmission rate at which the scan request packet is transmitted by the electronic device and controls the transmitter circuit to transmit the data packet or the advertising packet at the data rate related to the scan request packet.

Abstract: A Bluetooth Integrated Circuit includes a receiver, a transmitter, and a control circuit. The receiver circuit is configured to receive a scan request packet from an electronic device, and the scan request packet being transmitted by the electronic device in accordance with a Bluetooth wireless low energy standard. The transmitter circuit is configured to transmit a data packet or an advertising packet, and the control circuit is coupled to the receiver circuit and the transmitter circuit. When the receiver circuit receives the scan request packet, the control circuit detects a transmission rate at which the scan request packet is transmitted by the electronic device and controls the transmitter circuit to transmit the data packet or the advertising packet at the data rate related to the scan request packet.

Abstract: A method of channel estimation is provided. The method is applied to a communication system having signals transmitted via a plurality of pilot and non-pilot sub-channels. The method comprises the steps of obtaining a first and second channel responses of each pilot sub-channel using pilot symbols received during a first and second time duration respectively, obtaining an estimated channel response of each pilot sub-channel by averaging the first and second channel responses thereof, and obtaining an estimated channel response of each non-pilot sub-channel by interpolation of those of the pilot sub-channels.

Abstract: A method of channel estimation used in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. Firstly, a plurality of synchronized signals are received respectively from a plurality of sub-channels, and the channel responses of two sub-channels are known. Then, the channel responses of other channels are estimated by the statistical property derived from Jake's model according to two sub-channels whose channel responses are known.

Abstract: A method of channel estimation is provided. The method is applied to a communication system having signals transmitted via a plurality of pilot and non-pilot sub-channels. The method comprises the steps of obtaining a first and second channel responses of each pilot sub-channel using pilot symbols received during a first and second time duration respectively, obtaining an estimated channel response of each pilot sub-channel by averaging the first and second channel responses thereof, and obtaining an estimated channel response of each non-pilot sub-channel by interpolation of those of the pilot sub-channels.

Abstract: A method of channel estimation used in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. Firstly, a plurality of synchronized signals are received respectively from a plurality of sub-channels, and the channel responses of two sub-channels are known. Then, the channel responses of other channels are estimated by the statistical property derived from Jake's model according to two sub-channels whose channel responses are known.