Abstract: The use of plasma to clean or sterilize items can be particularly advantageous for items that cannot be readily washed or cleaned by standard methods. The toxicity and complications generating sufficient plasma makes it hard to use for such purposes. The subject invention addresses the problem by generating a minimal amount of highly reactive plasma to sterilize an item. This is achieved by reducing the amount of space and ambient air around and within the item. In this way, the plasma generated fills only the required volume of the item to be cleaned and the plasm is directed at the object, not directed at or released into non-target areas.

Abstract: The use of plasma to clean or sterilize items can be particularly advantageous for items that cannot be readily washed or cleaned by standard methods. The toxicity and complications generating sufficient plasma makes it hard to use for such purposes. The subject invention addresses the problem by generating a minimal amount of highly reactive plasma to sterilize an item. This is achieved by reducing the amount of space and ambient air around and within the item. In this way, the plasma generated fills only the required volume of the item to be cleaned and the plasm is directed at the object, not directed at or released into non-target areas.

Abstract: The use of plasma to clean or sterilize items can be particularly advantageous for items that cannot be readily washed or cleaned by standard methods. The toxicity and complications generating sufficient plasma makes it hard to use for such purposes. The subject invention addresses the problem by generating a minimal amount of highly reactive plasma to sterilize an item. This is achieved by reducing the amount of space and ambient air around and within the item. In this way, the plasma generated fills only the required volume of the item to be cleaned and the plasm is directed at the object, not directed at or released into non-target areas.

Abstract: The use of plasma to clean or sterilize items can be particularly advantageous for items that cannot be readily washed or cleaned by standard methods. The toxicity and complications generating sufficient plasma makes it hard to use for such purposes. The subject invention addresses the problem by generating a minimal amount of highly reactive plasma to sterilize an item. This is achieved by reducing the amount of space and ambient air around and within the item. In this way, the plasma generated fills only the required volume of the item to be cleaned and the plasm is directed at the object, not directed at or released into non-target areas.

Abstract: The use of plasma to clean or sterilize items can be particularly advantageous for items that cannot be readily washed or cleaned by standard methods. The toxicity and complications generating sufficient plasma makes it hard to use for such purposes. The subject invention addresses the problem by generating a minimal amount of highly reactive plasma to sterilize an item. This is achieved by reducing the amount of space and ambient air around and within the item. In this way, the plasma generated fills only the required volume of the item to be cleaned and the plasm is directed at the object, not directed at or released into non-target areas.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, devices, and methods for a hybrid electrochemical cell which utilizes two different chemistries in the same cell. According to one aspect, the hybrid cell includes a first pair of electrode units which form a first electrochemical cell and a second pair of electrode units, which form a second electrochemical cell. The second electrochemical cell utilizes a different chemistry than the first electrochemical cells, but both chemistries share a common electrolyte. The hybrid cell further comprises a common electrolyte layer provided between each pair of electrodes. In certain implementations, the common electrolyte layer is a single cavity such that the electrolyte is shared between both the first and the second electrochemical cell.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, devices, and methods for a hybrid electrochemical cell which utilizes two different chemistries in the same cell. According to one aspect, the hybrid cell includes a first pair of electrode units which form a first electrochemical cell and a second pair of electrode units, which form a second electrochemical cell. The second electrochemical cell utilizes a different chemistry than the first electrochemical cells, but both chemistries share a common electrolyte. The hybrid cell further comprises a common electrolyte layer provided between each pair of electrodes. In certain implementations, the common electrolyte layer is a single cavity such that the electrolyte is shared between both the first and the second electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A stacked energy storage device (ESD) has at least two cell segments arranged in a stack. Each cell segment may have a first electrode unit having a first active material electrode, a second electrode unit having a second active material electrode, and an electrolyte layer between the active material electrodes. Variable volume containment may be used to control the inter-electrode spacing within each cell segment. In some embodiments, one or more dynamic flexible gaskets may be included in each cell segment to seal the electrolyte within the cell segment and to deform in preferred directions. In some embodiments, hard stops may set the inter-electrode spacing of the ESD.

Abstract: A stacked energy storage device (ESD) has at least two cell segments arranged in a stack. Each cell segment may have a first electrode unit having a first active material electrode, a second electrode unit having a second active material electrode, and an electrolyte layer between the active material electrodes. Variable volume containment may be used to control the inter-electrode spacing within each cell segment. In some embodiments, one or more dynamic flexible gaskets may be included in each cell segment to seal the electrolyte within the cell segment and to deform in preferred directions. In some embodiments, hard stops may set the inter-electrode spacing of the ESD.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, devices, and methods for a hybrid electrochemical cell which utilizes two different chemistries in the same cell. According to one aspect, the hybrid cell includes a first pair of electrode units which form a first electrochemical cell and a second pair of electrode units, which form a second electrochemical cell. The second electrochemical cell utilizes a different chemistry than the first electrochemical cells, but both chemistries share a common electrolyte. The hybrid cell further comprises a common electrolyte layer provided between each pair of electrodes. In certain implementations, the common electrolyte layer is a single cavity such that the electrolyte is shared between both the first and the second electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A stacked battery has at least two cell segments arranged in a stack. Each cell segment may have a first electrode unit having a first active material electrode, a second electrode unit having a second active material electrode, and an electrolyte layer between the active material electrodes. One or more gaskets may be included in each cell segment to seal the electrolyte within the cell segment. The electrode units may be “dish shaped” and may contain a pressure equalization valve to reduce electrode unit deflection and improve pressure equalization between cell segments. The pressure equalization valve may allow a gas to diffuse through adjacent cell segments and may substantially prevent electrolyte from diffusing through.

Abstract: An energy storage device is provided that includes a bipolar conductive substrate having a first side coupled to a first substack and a second side coupled to a second substack. The first and second substacks have a plurality of alternately stacked positive and negative monopolar electrode units. Each respective monopolar electrode unit has a first and second active material electrode layer on opposing sides of a conductive pathway. A separator is provided between adjacent monopolar electrode units. The conductive pathways of the positive monopolar electrode units are electronically coupled to form a positive tabbed current bus, and the conductive pathways of the negative monopolar electrode units are electronically coupled to form a negative tabbed current bus. The negative tabbed current bus of the first substack and the positive tabbed current bus of the second substack are coupled to the first and second side of the bipolar conductive substrate respectively.

Abstract: Charge information associated with an energy storage device may be determined from one or more kinetic responses of the energy storage device. Kinetic responses may include displacements, forces, pressures, or other kinetic properties, and changes in properties thereof. An indication device, such as a sensor, transducer, or other device, may be used to indicate kinetic responses. Charge information, measurements, or both, may be derived from indications of kinetic responses. Charging or discharging of an energy storage device may be controlled based on charge information.

Abstract: Techniques, arrangements and compositions are provided to incorporate nanostructured materials into electrodes for energy storage devices. Materials such as, for example, carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowires, silicon carbide nanowires, zinc nanowires, and other materials may be used to modify electrode properties such as electronic conductivity, thermal conductivity, or durability, for example. In some embodiments, nanostructured materials may be added to electrode formulations such as, for example, slurries or powders. Nanostructured materials may be deposited directly onto active material particles or electrode components. In some embodiments, coatings may be used to assist in deposition.

Abstract: Electrode structures may include an electronically conductive foam in contact with an electronically conductive substrate. In some embodiments, the foam may be formed by coating a porous precursor material in contact with a substrate with an electronically conductive material and subsequently removing the precursor material. In some embodiments, the foam may be formed by removing a non-conductive component of a composite material in contact with a substrate, leaving a conductive component in contact with the substrate. Electrode structures may be coated with electronically conductive materials or sintered at elevated temperature to improve durability and conductivity.

Abstract: The specification discloses a method of making an ultracapacitor including the steps of forming a first electrode by adhering CNT on a porous first substrate; placing a non conductive separator over the first electrode, forming a second electrode by adhering a second layer of CNT to a second substrate and placing over the first substrate, attaching a conductive tab to each electrode, rolling the combined electrodes, inserting the rolled electrodes into a metal can, attaching one conductive tab to the bottom of the can, adding an electrolyte to the can, attaching the second conductive tab to a lid of the can, and placing an insulator between the lid and the can.

Abstract: A stacked energy storage device (ESD) has at least two cell segments arranged in a stack. Each cell segment may have a first electrode unit having a first active material electrode, a second electrode unit having a second active material electrode, and an electrolyte layer between the active material electrodes. The ESD includes at least two sub-stacks, where the elements of each respective sub-stack are electrically coupled in series with other elements of the sub-stack. The sub-stacks may be placed in a single stack, and the sub-stacks may be electrically coupled in parallel, in series, or both, with other sub-stacks to create an ESD with a particular voltage and current capacity. The entire stack may be contained by a single pair of end caps.

Abstract: A stacked energy storage device (ESD) has at least two conductive substrates arranged in a stack. Each cell segment may have a first electrode unit having a first active material electrode, a second electrode unit having a second active material electrode, and an electrolyte layer between the active material electrodes. Each active material electrode may have a plurality of folded sections and planar sections to increase the ESD capacity, for example, by increasing number of interfaces within each cell segment.

Abstract: A stacked energy storage device (ESD) has at least two cell segments arranged in a stack. Each cell segment may have a first electrode unit having a first active material electrode, a second electrode unit having a second active material electrode, and an electrolyte layer between the active material electrodes. Variable volume containment may be used to control the inter-electrode spacing within each cell segment. In some embodiments, one or more dynamic flexible gaskets may be included in each cell segment to seal the electrolyte within the cell segment and to deform in preferred directions. In some embodiments, hard stops may set the inter-electrode spacing of the ESD.

Abstract: A stacked battery has at least two cell segments arranged in a stack. Each cell segment may have a first electrode unit having a first active material electrode, a second electrode unit having a second active material electrode, and an electrolyte layer between the active material electrodes. One or more gaskets may be included in each cell segment to seal the electrolyte within the cell segment. The electrode units may be “dish shaped” and may contain a pressure equalization valve to reduce electrode unit deflection and improve pressure equalization between cell segments. The pressure equalization valve may allow a gas to diffuse through adjacent cell segments and may substantially prevent electrolyte from diffusing through.