Abstract: Described is an optimistic fair payment protocol in electronic commerce that provides fair payment while resisting an unconscious double spending attack and other attacks. A buyer receives encrypted e-goods from a merchant, and sends payment to the merchant. If decryption information is not received in exchange for the payment, or the decryption information does not render the e-goods useable, the buyer launches a dispute with a third party dispute resolution service. If the decryption information is received and renders the e-goods useable, the buyer determines whether the e-goods are valid, according to a corresponding description. If not valid, the buyer launches a dispute and provides the e-goods and the description. The third party uses the description to evaluate the validity of the goods to determine whether to refund the payment to the buyer or release it to the merchant.

Abstract: The present invention provides a crosslinked amine and amide polymers effective for binding and removing bile salts from the gastrointestinal tract. These bile acid binding polymers or pharmaceutical compositions thereof can be administered to subjects to treat various conditions, including hypercholesteremia, diabetes, pruritis, irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea (IBS-D), bile acid malabsorption, and the like.

Abstract: The present invention provides a crosslinked amine and amide polymers effective for binding and removing bile salts from the gastrointestinal tract. These bile acid binding polymers or pharmaceutical compositions thereof can be administered to subjects to treat various conditions, including hypercholesteremia, diabetes, pruritis, irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea (IBS-D), bile acid malabsorption, and the like.

Abstract: The present invention provides crosslinked amine polymers effective for binding and removing bile salts from the gastrointestinal tract. These bile acid binding polymers or pharmaceutical compositions thereof can be administered to subjects to treat various conditions, including hypercholesteremia, diabetes, pruritus, irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea (IBS-D), bile acid malabsorption, and the like.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a method and apparatus for reducing the parameter transmission bandwidth. The parameter sender reduces the values of the parameters before sending the parameters to the parameter receiver. This scheme reduces the bandwidth consumed during parameter transmission, thus makes the transmission more efficient. The embodiment of the present disclosure also discloses a method for key exchange. This method reduces the values of the transmission parameters before sending the transmission parameters. This saves the bandwidth compared with the protocol in the prior art. Besides, the embodiment of the present disclosure discloses a system for key exchange. The parameter sender sends the transmission parameters to the bandwidth processing unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides crosslinked amine polymers effective for binding and removing bile salts from the gastrointestinal tract. These bile acid binding polymers or pharmaceutical compositions thereof can be administered to subjects to treat various conditions, including hypercholesteremia, diabetes, pruritus, irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea (IBS-D), bile acid malabsorption, and the like.

Abstract: The present invention provides a crosslinked amine and amide polymers effective for binding and removing bile salts from the gastrointestinal tract. These bile acid binding polymers or pharmaceutical compositions thereof can be administered to subjects to treat various conditions, including hypercholesteremia, diabetes, pruritis, irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea (IBS-D), bile acid malabsorption, and the like.

Abstract: An exemplary optimistic protocol for a two-party transaction includes a setup sub-protocol that includes an authorized Diffie-Hellman key agreement, an exchange sub-protocol that includes sending a certificate from a sending party to a receiving party and sending a receipt from the receiving party to the sending party and a dispute sub-protocol that includes a dispute resolution mechanism for resolving disputes between the sending party and the receiving party due to sending of an invalid certificate, due to sending an invalid receipt, or due to abortion of the exchange sub-protocol. Other exemplary methods, systems, etc., are also disclosed.

Abstract: Mobile device assisted secure computer network communications embodiments are presented that employ a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), and the like) to assist in user authentication. In general, this is accomplished by having a user enter a password into a client computer which is in contact with a server associated with a secure Web site. This password is integrated with a secret value, which is generated in real time by the mobile device. The secret value is bound to both the mobile device's hardware and the secure Web site being accessed, such that it is unique to both. In this way, a different secret value is generated for each secure Web site accessed, and another user cannot impersonate the user and log into a secure Web site unless he or she knows the password and possesses the user's mobile device simultaneously.

Abstract: A compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (I): [wherein, R1 to R8 may have a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C2-C8 alkenyl group, a C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl group or —COOR9 (wherein R9 represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group or a C2-C8 alkenyl group) as a substituent; and X represents a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom or NR10 (wherein R10 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C2-C8 alkenyl group or a C1-C6 alkoxy group)].

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions for the treatment of ion imbalances. In particular, the invention provides compositions comprising sodium-binding polymers and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Methods of use of the polymeric and pharmaceutical compositions for therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefits are disclosed herein. Examples of these methods include the treatment of hypertension, chronic heart failure, end stage renal disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic renal insufficiency, fluid overload, or sodium overload.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions for the treatment of ion imbalances. In particular, the invention provides compositions comprising sodium-binding polymers and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Methods of use of the polymeric and pharmaceutical compositions for therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefits are disclosed herein. Examples of these methods include the treatment of hypertension, chronic heart failure, end stage renal disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic renal insufficiency, fluid overload, or sodium overload.

Abstract: Anion-binding polymers are described. The anion-binding polymers in some cases are low swelling anion-binding polymers. In some cases, the anion-binding polymers have a pore volume distribution such that a fraction of the polymer is not available for non-interacting solutes above a certain percentage of the MW of the target ion for the polymer. In some cases, the anion-binding polymers are characterized by low ion-binding interference, where the interference is measured in, for example, a gastrointestinal simulant, relative to non-interfering buffer. Pharmaceutical composition, methods of use, and kits are also described.

Abstract: A compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (I): [wherein, R1 to R8 may have a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C2-C8 alkenyl group, a C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl group or —COOR9 (wherein R9 represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group or a C2-C8 alkenyl group) as a substituent; and X represents a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom or NR10 (wherein R10 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C2-C8 alkenyl group or a C1-C6 alkoxy group)].

Abstract: Indole and indole-related compounds, compositions and methods are disclosed. The compounds of the invention are useful as phospholipase inhibitors. The compounds and compositions of the invention are useful for treatment of phospholipase-related conditions, such as insulin-related, weight-related and/or cholesterol-related conditions in an animal subject.

Abstract: Anion-binding polymers are described. The anion-binding polymers in some cases are low swelling anion-binding polymers. In some cases, the anion-binding polymers have a pore volume distribution such that a fraction of the polymer is not available for non-interacting solutes above a certain percentage of the MW of the target ion for the polymer. In some cases, the anion-binding polymers are characterized by low ion-binding interference, where the interference is measured in, for example, a gastrointestinal simulant, relative to non-interfering buffer. Pharmaceutical composition, methods of use, and kits are also described.

Abstract: A “proxy re-signature system” provides various techniques for transforming a delegatee's signature on a message m into a delegator's on the same message m. Various embodiments of non-interactive re-signature generation processes are described. Various embodiments to aggregate part of signatures to reduce the size of re-signed signatures are also described. Various combinations of the proxy re-signature process and the re-signature conversion process result in an overall process that is unidirectional, multi-use, private, and non-interactive. As such, the proxy re-signature system is applicable for use with a wide range of applications.

Abstract: Described is an optimistic fair payment protocol in electronic commerce that provides fair payment while resisting an unconscious double spending attack and other attacks. A buyer receives encrypted e-goods from a merchant, and sends payment to the merchant. If decryption information is not received in exchange for the payment, or the decryption information does not render the e-goods useable, the buyer launches a dispute with a third party dispute resolution service. If the decryption information is received and renders the e-goods useable, the buyer determines whether the e-goods are valid, according to a corresponding description. If not valid, the buyer launches a dispute and provides the e-goods and the description. The third party uses the description to evaluate the validity of the goods to determine whether to refund the payment to the buyer or release it to the merchant.

Abstract: Indole and indole-related compounds, compositions and methods are disclosed. The compounds of the invention are useful as phospholipase inhibitors. The compounds and compositions of the invention are useful for treatment of phospholipase-related conditions, such as insulin-related, weight-related and/or cholesterol-related conditions in an animal subject.

Abstract: Indole and indole-related compounds according to the formula (I) or (II) optionally having additional heteroatoms, compositions and methods are disclosed. The compounds of the invention are useful as phospholipase inhibitors. The compounds and compositions of the invention are useful for treatment of phospholipase-related conditions, such as insulin-related, weight-related and/or cholesterol-related conditions in an animal subject. Formula (I), formula (II). R4 being a moiety represented by formula (C4-II-C), R3 being a moiety represented by formula (C3-I or C3-II).