Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor device comprising an active region on a substrate and including first and second sidewalls extending in a first direction and an epitaxial pattern on the active region, wherein the epitaxial pattern includes first and second epitaxial sidewalls extending from the first and second sidewalls, respectively, the first epitaxial sidewall includes a first epitaxial lower sidewall, a first epitaxial upper sidewall, and a first epitaxial connecting sidewall connecting the first epitaxial lower sidewall and the first epitaxial upper sidewall, the second epitaxial sidewall includes a second epitaxial lower sidewall, a second epitaxial upper sidewall, and a second epitaxial connecting sidewall connecting the second epitaxial lower sidewall and the second epitaxial upper sidewall, a distance between the first and second epitaxial upper sidewalls decreases away from the active region, and the first and second epitaxial lower sidewalls extend in parallel to a top surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes channels, a gate structure, and a source/drain layer. The channels are disposed at a plurality of levels, respectively, and spaced apart from each other in a vertical direction on an upper surface of a substrate. The gate structure is disposed on the substrate, at least partially surrounds a surface of each of the channels, and extends in a first direction substantially parallel to the upper surface of the substrate. The source/drain layer is disposed at each of opposite sides of the gate structure in a second direction substantially parallel to the upper surface of the substrate and substantially perpendicular to the first direction and is connected to sidewalls of the channels. A length of the gate structure in the second direction changes along the first direction at a first height from the upper surface of the substrate in the vertical direction.

Abstract: The present invention comprises: a separable material injection part for injecting a material therein; a mixing part for mixing the material injected in the material injection part; an aging part for aging, at a high temperature, the material mixed in the mixing part; and a firing part for supporting, on a support, the material aged in the aging part.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing liquid or solid hydrocarbons from a synthesis gas via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis which does not carry out a separate reduction pre-treatment for catalyst activation. The method for producing liquid or solid hydrocarbons from a synthesis gas using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis according to the present invention comprises: a first step of applying an iron-based catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in which the number of iron atoms in the ferrihydrite phase fraction equals 10 to 100% and the number of iron atoms in the hematite phase fraction equals 0 to 90%, with respect to 100% of the number of the number of iron atoms, to a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor; and a second step of activating the catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by a synthesis gas which is a reactant under the conditions of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and carrying out the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by means of the activated catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

Abstract: The present invention comprises: a separable material injection part for injecting a material therein; a mixing part for mixing the material injected in the material injection part; an aging part for aging, at a high temperature, the material mixed in the mixing part; and a firing part for supporting, on a support, the material aged in the aging part.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a metal oxalate hydrate body having a certain shape, a preparation method thereof, and a metal oxide/carbon composite body prepared by using the metal oxalate hydrate body. In the present invention, the metal oxalate body, whose shape is diversely controlled, and the metal oxide/carbon composite body therefrom are provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of methane steam reforming using a nickel/alumina nanocomposite catalyst. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of carrying out methane steam reforming using a nickel/alumina nanocomposite catalyst wherein nickel metal nanoparticles are uniformly loaded in a high amount on a support via a melt infiltration method with an excellent methane conversion even under a relatively severe reaction condition of a high gas hourly space velocity or low steam supply, and to a catalyst for this method. In addition, the present invention prepares a nickel/silica-alumina hybrid nanocatalyst by mixing the catalyst prepared by the melt infiltration method as the first catalyst and the nickel silica yolk-shell catalyst as the second catalyst, and applies it to the steam reforming of methane to provide a still more excellent catalytic activity even under the higher temperature of 700° C. or more with the excellent methane conversion.

Abstract: A thermal medium-circulated heat exchanger type reactor comprises: a tube unit configured such that synthesis gas is supplied to a cobalt catalyst layer filled with the cobalt metal foam catalysts each including a metal foam coated with cobalt catalyst powder to conduct a reaction; a shell unit configured to cover the tube unit such that thermal medium oil having a predetermined temperature is circulated to control reaction heat generated from a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction; and an electric heater provided at the circumference of the shell unit to heat a cobalt catalyst layer to reduce and pretreat the cobalt catalyst layer.

Abstract: A method of producing liquid fuel by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction using a thermal medium-circulated heat exchanger type reactor is provided. The thermal medium-circulated heat exchanger type reactor uses the cobalt metal foam catalyst including a metal foam coated with cobalt catalyst powder is used. Exothermic reaction heat generated by the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction occurring in the cobalt metal foam catalyst layer of the tube unit is controlled by thermal medium oil circulating in the shell unit at a reaction temperature of 190˜250° C. and a reaction pressure of 20˜25 atm, and simultaneously the reaction is conducted, thus producing liquid fuel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an egg-shell type hybrid structure of highly dispersed nanoparticles-metal oxide support, a preparation method thereof, and a use thereof. Specifically, the present invention relates to an egg-shell type hybrid structure of highly dispersed nanoparticles-metal oxide support, providing an excellent platform in a size of nanometers or micrometers which can support nanoparticles selectively in the porous shell portion by employing a metal oxide support with an average diameter of nanometers or micrometers including a core of nonporous metal oxide and a shell of porous metal oxides, a preparation method thereof, and a use thereof.

Abstract: Provided are particle size-controlled, chromium oxide particles or composite particles of iron oxide-chromium alloy and chromium oxide; a preparation method thereof; and use thereof, in which the chromium oxide particles or the composite particles of iron oxide-chromium alloy and chromium oxide having a desired particle size are prepared in a simpler and more efficient manner by using porous carbon material particles having a large pore volume as a sacrificial template. When the chromium oxide particles or the composite particles of iron oxide-chromium alloy and chromium oxide thus obtained are applied to gas-phase and liquid-phase catalytic reactions, they are advantageous in terms of diffusion of reactants due to particle uniformity, high-temperature stability may be obtained, and excellent reaction results may be obtained under severe reaction environment.

Abstract: The present invention provides an iron-carbide/silica composite catalyst that is highly reactive to a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by firstly forming an iron-silicate structure having large specific surface area and well-developed pores through a hydrothermal reaction of an iron salt with a silica particle having a nanostructure, and then activating the iron-silicate structure in a high temperature carbon monoxide atmosphere. When using the iron-carbide/silica composite catalyst according to the present invention in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, it is possible to effectively prepare liquid hydrocarbon with a high CO conversion rate and selectivity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing liquid or solid hydrocarbons from a synthesis gas via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis which does not carry out a separate reduction pre-treatment for catalyst activation. The method for producing liquid or solid hydrocarbons from a synthesis gas using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis according to the present invention comprises: a first step of applying an iron-based catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in which the number of iron atoms in the ferrihydrite phase fraction equals 10 to 100% and the number of iron atoms in the hematite phase fraction equals 0 to 90%, with respect to 100% of the number of the number of iron atoms, to a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor; and a second step of activating the catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by a synthesis gas which is a reactant under the conditions of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and carrying out the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by means of the activated catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

Abstract: A method for preparing an iron-based catalyst, the method including preparing iron ore particles by grinding iron ore; and impregnating the iron ore particles with a first metal and second metal, wherein the first metal is selected from copper, cobalt, or manganese, or a combination thereof, and the second metal is selected from an alkali metal or alkali earth metal, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing liquid or solid hydrocarbons from syngas via the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in the presence of iron-based catalysts, the iron-based catalysts for the use thereof, and a method for preparing the iron-based catalysts; more specifically, in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, liquid or solid hydrocarbons may be prepared specifically with superior productivity and selectivity for C5+ hydrocarbons using the iron-based catalysts comprising iron hydroxide, iron oxide, and iron carbide wherein the number of iron atoms contained in the iron hydroxide is 30% or higher, and the number of iron atoms contained in the iron carbide is 50% or lower, relative to 100% of the number of iron atoms contained in the iron-based catalysts.

Abstract: Provided are particle size-controlled, chromium oxide particles or composite particles of iron oxide-chromium alloy and chromium oxide; a preparation method thereof; and use thereof, in which the chromium oxide particles or the composite particles of iron oxide-chromium alloy and chromium oxide having a desired particle size are prepared in a simpler and more efficient manner by using porous carbon material particles having a large pore volume as a sacrificial template. When the chromium oxide particles or the composite particles of iron oxide-chromium alloy and chromium oxide thus obtained are applied to gas-phase and liquid-phase catalytic reactions, they are advantageous in terms of diffusion of reactants due to particle uniformity, high-temperature stability may be obtained, and excellent reaction results may be obtained under severe reaction environment.

Abstract: The present invention provides an iron-carbide/silica composite catalyst that is highly reactive to a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by firstly forming an iron-silicate structure having large specific surface area and well-developed pores through a hydrothermal reaction of an iron salt with a silica particle having a nanostructure, and then activating the iron-silicate structure in a high temperature carbon monoxide atmosphere. When using the iron-carbide/silica composite catalyst according to the present invention in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, it is possible to effectively prepare liquid hydrocarbon with a high CO conversion rate and selectivity.

Abstract: This invention relates to a cobalt-based catalyst on a metal structure for selective production of synthetic oil via Fischer-Tropsch reaction, a method of preparing the same and a method of selectively producing synthetic oil using the same, wherein zeolite, cobalt and a support are mixed and ground to give a catalyst sol, which is then uniformly thinly applied on the surface of a metal structure using a spray-coating process, thereby preventing generation of heat during Fischer-Tropsch reaction and selectively producing synthetic oil having a carbon chain shorter than that of wax.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of methane steam reforming using a nickel/alumina nanocomposite catalyst. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of carrying out methane steam reforming using a nickel/alumina nanocomposite catalyst wherein nickel metal nanoparticles are uniformly loaded in a high amount on a support via a melt infiltration method with an excellent methane conversion even under a relatively severe reaction condition of a high gas hourly space velocity or low steam supply, and to a catalyst for this method. In addition, the present invention prepares a nickel/silica-alumina hybrid nanocatalyst by mixing the catalyst prepared by the melt infiltration method as the first catalyst and the nickel silica yolk-shell catalyst as the second catalyst, and applies it to the steam reforming of methane to provide a still more excellent catalytic activity even under the higher temperature of 700° C. or more with the excellent methane conversion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an egg-shell type hybrid structure of highly dispersed nanoparticles-metal oxide support, a preparation method thereof, and a use thereof. Specifically, the present invention relates to an egg-shell type hybrid structure of highly dispersed nanoparticles-metal oxide support, providing an excellent platform in a size of nanometers or micrometers which can support nanoparticles selectively in the porous shell portion by employing a metal oxide support with an average diameter of nanometers or micrometers including a core of nonporous metal oxide and a shell of porous metal oxides, a preparation method thereof, and a use thereof.