Abstract: The technology and implementations disclosed in this patent document generally relate to a lithium secondary battery including: a first unit cell including a first anode including a 1-1 anode mixture layer and a 1-2 anode mixture layer on the 1-1 anode mixture layer, and a second unit cell including a second anode including a 2-1 anode mixture layer and a 2-2 anode mixture layer on the 2-1 anode mixture layer, wherein a weight ratio of the silicon-based active material in the 1-2 anode mixture layer is greater than a weight ratio of the silicon-based active material in the 1-1 anode mixture layer, and a weight ratio of the silicon-based active material in the 2-2 anode mixture layer is less than or equal to a weight ratio of the silicon-based active material in the 2-1 anode mixture layer.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium secondary battery includes an anode current collector, and an anode active material layer formed on at least one surface of the anode current collector. The anode active material layer includes a carbon-based active material, a first silicon-based active material doped with magnesium and a second silicon-based active material not doped with magnesium. A content of the first silicon-based active material is in a range from 2 wt % to 20 wt % based on a total weight of the anode active material layer.

Abstract: In some implementations, the anode includes a current collector, a first anode mixture layer formed on at least one surface of the current collector, and a second anode mixture layer formed on the first anode mixture layer. The first anode mixture layer and the second anode mixture layer include a carbon-based active material, respectively. The first anode mixture layer includes a first binder, a first silicon-based active material, and a first conductive material. The second anode mixture layer includes a second binder, a second silicon-based active material, and a second conductive material. Contents of the first conductive material and the second conductive material are different from each other with respect to the total combined weight of the first anode mixture layer and the second anode mixture layer. Types of the first silicon-based active material and the second silicon-based active material are different from each other.

Abstract: Described herein are devices and methods for the efficient and economic generation of lignin monomers from biomass. The provided devices and methods utilize reductive catalytic fractionation with an organic solvent to extract high-quality lignin from biomass and cleave specific lignin bonds to generate valuable lignin monomers with a relatively narrow product slate. Advantageously, the devices and methods described herein utilize solvent recycling, multiple solvolysis chambers with multiple biomass beds and/or physical agitation (e.g., use of a screw extruder) to reduce the amount of solvent required and increase economic efficiency and monomer yield.

Abstract: Provided is a pharmaceutical composition including irinotecan free base. The pharmaceutical composition according to the presently claimed subject matter enables the effective oral administration of irinotecan and as such, can increase the convenience of administration of irinotecan and provide a high in vivo absorption rate, compared to conventional injections.

Abstract: Provided is a pharmaceutical composition for oral administration in the form of powder obtained by a process including: (a) preparing an emulsion including zanamivir as an active ingredient; triglyceride; acyl glycerol; a nonionic surfactant; a sugar; and water; and (b) lyophilizing the emulsion prepared in the step (a). The pharmaceutical composition according to the presently claimed subject matter can significantly increase in vivo absorption rate of zanamivir. Further, the pharmaceutical composition according to the presently claimed subject matter is in the form of powder, which not only make it easy to store and distribute but also make it possible to avoid the use of functional packaging materials for preventing changes in moisture.

Abstract: Disclosed is an inter-cell interference mitigation method using a spatial covariance matrix (SCM) estimation method in a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system for mitigating interference between asynchronous cells. The inter-cell interference mitigation method includes extracting a reference symbol (RS) of a received OFDM symbol and performing channel estimation, estimating an initial SCM using the RS signal and the channel estimation result, applying time-domain sinc type weighting to the initial SCM and applying an SCM, and demodulating a data symbol with mitigated inter-cell interference using the channel estimation result and the estimated SCM.

Abstract: Disclosed is an inter-cell interference mitigation method using a spatial covariance matrix (SCM) estimation method in a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system for mitigating interference between asynchronous cells. The inter-cell interference mitigation method includes extracting a reference symbol (RS) of a received OFDM symbol and performing channel estimation, estimating an initial SCM using the RS signal and the channel estimation result, applying time-domain sinc type weighting to the initial SCM and applying an SCM, and demodulating a data symbol with mitigated inter-cell interference using the channel estimation result and the estimated SCM.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition of topical preparation containing alprostadil alkyl ester, and more particularly, comprising an alprostadil alkyl ester, an oily vehicle, a skin permeation enhancer and an anti-irritant agent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition of topical preparation containing alprostadil alkyl ester, and more particularly, comprising an alprostadil alkyl ester, an oily vehicle, a skin permeation enhancer and an anti-irritant agent.