Abstract: A process for recovery of precious metals from ores or concentrates containing refractory carbonaceous material by cyanidation leaching. The process involves addition to the ores or concentrates at least one cationic surfactant before or during the addition of cyanide-containing solution. The agent enables the recovery of precious metals by cyanidation from high preg-robbing carbonaceous ores and improves the recovery of precious metals by cyanidation from medium to low preg-robbing carbonaceous ores. The agent also prevents froth and foaming formation during the cyanidation process.

Abstract: A process for recovery of precious metals from ores or concentrates containing refractory carbonaceous material by cyanidation leaching. The process involves addition to the ores or concentrates at least one cationic surfactant before or during the addition of cyanide-containing solution. The agent enables the recovery of precious metals by cyanidation from high preg-robbing carbonaceous ores and improves the recovery of precious metals by cyanidation from medium to low preg-robbing carbonaceous ores. The agent also prevents froth and foaming formation during the cyanidation process.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the preparation of nitrogen fertilizers including ammonium nitrate, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate, and/or ammonia are disclosed. Embodiments include (1) ammonium nitrate produced via the reduction of a nitrogen source at the cathode and the oxidation of a nitrogen source at the anode; (2) urea or its isomers produced via the simultaneous cathodic reduction of a carbon source and a nitrogen source: (3) ammonia produced via the reduction of nitrogen source at the cathode and the oxidation of a hydrogen source or a hydrogen equivalent such as carbon monoxide or a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at the anode; and (4) urea-ammonium nitrate produced via the simultaneous cathodic reduction of a carbon source and a nitrogen source, and anodic oxidation of a nitrogen source.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for the preparation of nitrogen fertilizers including ammonium nitrate, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate, and/or ammonia utilizing a source of carbon, a source of nitrogen, and/or a source of hydrogen. Implementing an electrolyte serving as ionic charge carrier, (1) ammonium nitrate is produced via the reduction of a nitrogen source at the cathode and the oxidation of a nitrogen source at the anode; (2) urea or its isomers are produced via the simultaneous cathodic reduction of a carbon source and a nitrogen source; (3) ammonia is produced via the reduction of nitrogen source at the cathode and the oxidation of a hydrogen source at the anode; and (4) urea-ammonium nitrate is produced via the simultaneous cathodic reduction of a carbon source and a nitrogen source, and anodic oxidation of a nitrogen source. The electrolyte can be solid.

Abstract: A method for producing fertilizers comprising feeding gaseous reactants comprising at least one nitrogen source and a source of hydrogen selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen-containing salt, a hydrogen-containing compound, and a hydrogen-containing gas to a reactor, the reactor including at least one reaction chamber, at least one anode, at least one cathode, and at least one electrolyte between each at least one anode and each at least one cathode, providing electricity to drive anodic and cathodic reactions, and producing a fertilizer having nitrogen by providing a nitrogen source of the at least one nitrogen source and at least one carbon source to the at least one cathode and a nitrogen source of the at least one nitrogen source to the at least one anode.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for the preparation of nitrogen fertilizers including ammonium nitrate, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate, and/or ammonia, at low temperature and pressure, preferably at ambient temperature and pressure, utilizing a source of carbon, a source of nitrogen, and/or a source of hydrogen or hydrogen equivalent.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the preparation of nitrogen fertilizers including ammonium nitrate, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate, and/or ammonia, at low temperature and pressure, preferably at ambient temperature and pressure, utilizing a source of carbon, a source of nitrogen, and/or a source of hydrogen or hydrogen equivalent.

Abstract: The present invention provides a catalytic system comprising a catalyst comprising nanoporous or mesoporous palladium and an ion-exchange electrolyte, processes for manufacturing the catalytic system and catalyst, and processes for oxidising or reducing organic and/or inorganic molecules using the catalyst or catalytic system.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for the preparation of nitrogen fertilizers including ammonium nitrate, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate, and/or ammonia, at low temperature and pressure, preferably at ambient temperature and pressure, utilizing a source of carbon, a source of nitrogen, and/or a source of hydrogen or hydrogen equivalent.