Abstract: There is described a sonotrode for sealing an opening device onto a hole of a packaging material destined to from a sealed package, comprising: a sealing surface adapted to cooperate with packaging material in order to seal the opening device to the packaging material; a cavity bounded by an opening of sealing surface and adapted to receive the opening device and a ring made in an elastomeric material, partially protruding inside the cavity, and adapted to center a first axis of the opening device on a second axis of the sonotrode.

Abstract: There is described a unit for applying at least one pre-formed opening device onto a hole of a web of a packaging material, unit comprises an advancing means device for advancing the web along a path; and at least one application station, which is fed, in use, with pre-formed opening device and seals, in use, pre-formed opening device on the hole of web.

Abstract: There is described a sonotrode for sealing an opening device onto a hole of a packaging material destined to from a sealed package, comprising: a sealing surface adapted to cooperate with a said packaging material in order to seal the opening device to the packaging material; a cavity bounded by an opening of sealing surface and adapted to receive the opening device; and a ring made in an elastomeric material, partially protruding inside the cavity, and adapted to center a first axis of the opening device on a second axis of the sonotrode.

Abstract: The method for measuring the cross-sectional area of a nozzle by a pneumatic through-flow method with supercritical pressure ratio measures the volume flow flowing through the nozzle on its input side by a differential pressure measurement at a resistance distance through which a laminar flow passes. Deviations of the temperature of the test medium from a reference value are determined by a temperature sensor and accounted for via a correction factor.

Abstract: A method for determining the closing point of a pump piston relative to a transverse bore in a corresponding pump cylinder, the method including the steps of providing compressed air to the cylinder via the transverse bore, axially sliding the pump piston near the closing point, consecutively measuring two flow values through a throttle cross-section defined by the pump piston and transverse bore, measuring the positions of the piston corresponding to the two flow values and extrapolating the pump piston unto the closing point from the flow values and piston positions.

Abstract: An arrangement for measuring of the injection quantity, the injection beginning and the injection end of individual injections of an intermittently operating injection pump, has an injection chamber, an adjustable throttle connectable with the injection chamber at one location, a movable wall limiting the injection chamber at another location against the counterforce, a path sensor arranged to receive the position of the movable wall and supply a signal for adjustment of throttle.

Abstract: A fuel injection system for an internal combustion engine whose air induction tube contains an air flow rate measuring member with non-linear operating characteristics, coupled to a potentiometric transducer which produces the electric command variable for a follower control loop. A control amplifier drives a servomotor which sets the metering slide of a fuel metering valve assembly. The servomotor shaft is coupled to a second potentiometric transducer whose output is compared with the command variable in a bridge circuit connected to the input of the control amplifier. The mechanical link between the servomotor and the fuel metering slide has a non-linearity similar to that of the air flow rate measuring member.

Abstract: The airflow rate through the induction tube of an internal combustion engine is measured by a first transducer which delivers a set point signal to a control amplifier. The amplifier also receives a feedback signal from a second transducer which monitors the position of a servo-motor controlling the quantity of fuel metered out to the engine. The feedback loop maintains a desired fuel-air ratio and includes provision for calibration and adjustment.