Abstract: A process is described of pyrolyzing at least one perfluorinated hydrocarbon, or a material containing at least one perfluorinated hydrocarbon, in the presence of hydrogen, to yield a reaction mixture containing difluorocarbene.

Abstract: A process is described of pyrolyzing at least one perfluorinated hydrocarbon, or a material containing at least one perfluorinated hydrocarbon, in the presence of hydrogen, to yield a reaction mixture containing difluorocarbene.

Abstract: The invention relates to a test method, especially for mass spectroscopy of biomolecules, including the following steps: one or several samples (2-4) that are to be analyzed are introduced into a carrier liquid of a micro liquid jet (1) in rapid succession; at least some of the samples (2-4) are desorbed from the micro liquid jet (1); and the sample (2-4) that is desorbed from the micro liquid jet (1) is analyzed. According to the invention, the sample (2-4) is spatially delimited in the spraying direction in the micro liquid jet (1) while extending only along a subarea of the micro liquid jet (1) in the spraying direction.

Abstract: Methods for the plasma-based generation of X-radiation are described with the steps: provision of a target material (50) in the form of a free flow structural formation (51) in a vacuum chamber (20), and irradiation of the target material (50) in order to produce a plasma condition in which the X-radiation is radiated therefrom, the flow structural formation (51) being formed in such a way that the target material has, at least at the location of the irradiation, a surface (52) with a local curvature minimum. Devices for the imple mentation of the methods and, in particular, X-ray sources for the plasma-based generation of X-radiation are also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a test method, especially for mass spectroscopy of biomolecules, including the following steps: one or several samples (2-4) that are to be analyzed are introduced into a carrier liquid of a micro liquid jet (1) in rapid succession; at least some of the samples (2-4) are desorbed from the micro liquid jet (1); and the sample (2-4) that is desorbed from the micro liquid jet (1) is analyzed. According to the invention, the sample (2-4) is spatially delimited in the spraying direction in the micro liquid jet (1) while extending only along a subarea of the micro liquid jet (1) in the spraying direction.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for producing a solid filament from a liquid in a vacuum chamber, comprising the following steps: a gas is liquefied in a heat exchanger apparatus to produce the liquid; and the liquid is delivered into the vacuum chamber via a supply duct and through a nozzle. Liquefying of the gas in the heat exchanger apparatus encompasses adjusting a p-T operating point of the liquid at which the liquid is transformed into the solid aggregate state and forms a collimated and stable jet after being discharged from the nozzle into the vacuum chamber. Also disclosed are nozzle arrangements for producing solid filaments in a vacuum.

Abstract: The invention relates to a nozzle arrangement (1), in particular for the injection of a fluid into a vacuum chamber, with a nozzle channel with a predetermined internal contour, whereby the nozzle channel leads into an exit opening. It is proposed that the internal contour of the nozzle channel be shaped concavely at least in part.