Patents by Inventor Karl K. Berggren
Karl K. Berggren has filed for patents to protect the following inventions. This listing includes patent applications that are pending as well as patents that have already been granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
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Patent number: 11522115Abstract: Conventional readout of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) sets an upper bound on the output voltage to be the product of the bias current and the load impedance, IB×Zload, where Zload is limited to 50? in standard RF electronics. This limit is broken/exceeded by interfacing the 50? load and the SNSPD using an integrated superconducting transmission line taper. The taper is a transformer that effectively loads the SNSPD with high impedance without latching. The taper increases the amplitude of the detector output while preserving the fast rising edge. Using a taper with a starting width of 500 nm, a 3.6× higher pulse amplitude, 3.7× faster slew rate, and 25.1 ps smaller timing jitter was observed. The taper also makes the detector's output voltage sensitive to the number of photon-induced hotspots and enables photon number resolution.Type: GrantFiled: March 4, 2020Date of Patent: December 6, 2022Assignees: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, California Institute of TechnologyInventors: Di Zhu, Marco Colangelo, Boris Korzh, Matthew Shaw, Karl K. Berggren
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Patent number: 11329211Abstract: An active three-terminal superconducting device having an intersection region at which a hot spot may be controllably formed is described. The intersection region may exhibit current crowding in response to imbalances in current densities applied to channels connected to intersection region. The current crowding may form a hot spot, in which the superconducting device may exhibit a measurable resistance. In some cases, a three-terminal superconducting device may be configured to sense an amount of superconducting current flowing in a channel or loop without having to perturb the superconducting state or amount of current flowing in the channel. A three-terminal superconducting device may be used to read out a number of fluxons stored in a superconducting memory element.Type: GrantFiled: August 13, 2020Date of Patent: May 10, 2022Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Adam N. McCaughan, Karl K. Berggren, Qingyuan Zhao
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Patent number: 11200947Abstract: Apparatus and methods relating to programmable superconducting cells are described. A programmable superconducting cell can be formed from a superconducting current loop having at least two terminals connected to the loop. The current loop and terminals can be formed from a single layer of superconducting material. The programmable superconducting cell can be incorporated into a crossbar architecture to form a high-speed vector-matrix multiplying processor for deep neural network computations.Type: GrantFiled: February 4, 2019Date of Patent: December 14, 2021Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Karl K. Berggren, Oguzhan Murat Onen, Brenden Butters, Emily Toomey
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Patent number: 11024790Abstract: A device that is a combination of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector and a superconducting multi-level memory. These devices can be used to count a number of photons impinging on the device through single-photon to single-flux conversion. Electrical characterization of the device demonstrates single-flux quantum (SFQ) separated states. Optical measurements using attenuated laser pulses with different mean photon number, pulse energies and repetition rates are shown to differentiate single-photon detection from other possible phenomena, such as multiphoton detection and thermal activation. Array devices and methods are also discussed.Type: GrantFiled: August 24, 2020Date of Patent: June 1, 2021Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Oguzhan Murat Onen, Marco Turchetti, Karl K. Berggren, Brenden Butters, Mina Bionta, Phillip Donald Keathley
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Publication number: 20210135084Abstract: A device that is a combination of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector and a superconducting multi-level memory. These devices can be used to count a number of photons impinging on the device through single-photon to single-flux conversion. Electrical characterization of the device demonstrates single-flux quantum (SFQ) separated states. Optical measurements using attenuated laser pulses with different mean photon number, pulse energies and repetition rates are shown to differentiate single-photon detection from other possible phenomena, such as multiphoton detection and thermal activation. Array devices and methods are also discussed.Type: ApplicationFiled: August 24, 2020Publication date: May 6, 2021Inventors: Oguzhan Murat Onen, Marco Turchetti, Karl K. BERGGREN, Brenden Butters, Mina Bionta, Phillip Donald KEATHLEY
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Publication number: 20210119102Abstract: Conventional readout of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) sets an upper bound on the output voltage to be the product of the bias current and the load impedance, IB×Zload, where Zload is limited to 50? in standard RF electronics. This limit is broken/exceeded by interfacing the 50? load and the SNSPD using an integrated superconducting transmission line taper. The taper is a transformer that effectively loads the SNSPD with high impedance without latching. The taper increases the amplitude of the detector output while preserving the fast rising edge. Using a taper with a starting width of 500 nm, a 3.6× higher pulse amplitude, 3.7× faster slew rate, and 25.1 ps smaller timing jitter was observed. The taper also makes the detector's output voltage sensitive to the number of photon-induced hotspots and enables photon number resolution.Type: ApplicationFiled: March 4, 2020Publication date: April 22, 2021Inventors: Di Zhu, Marco Colangelo, Boris Korzh, Matthew Shaw, Karl K. BERGGREN
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Publication number: 20210028343Abstract: An active three-terminal superconducting device having an intersection region at which a hot spot may be controllably formed is described. The intersection region may exhibit current crowding in response to imbalances in current densities applied to channels connected to intersection region. The current crowding may form a hot spot, in which the superconducting device may exhibit a measurable resistance. In some cases, a three-terminal superconducting device may be configured to sense an amount of superconducting current flowing in a channel or loop without having to perturb the superconducting state or amount of current flowing in the channel. A three-terminal superconducting device may be used to read out a number of fluxons stored in a superconducting memory element.Type: ApplicationFiled: August 13, 2020Publication date: January 28, 2021Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Adam N. McCaughan, Karl K. Berggren, Qingyuan Zhao
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Patent number: 10749097Abstract: An active three-terminal superconducting device having an intersection region at which a hot spot may be controllably formed is described. The intersection region may exhibit current crowding in response to imbalances in current densities applied to channels connected to intersection region. The current crowding may form a hot spot, in which the superconducting device may exhibit a measurable resistance. In some cases, a three-terminal superconducting device may be configured to sense an amount of superconducting current flowing in a channel or loop without having to perturb the superconducting state or amount of current flowing in the channel. A three-terminal superconducting device may be used to read out a number of fluxons stored in a superconducting memory element.Type: GrantFiled: April 1, 2016Date of Patent: August 18, 2020Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Adam N. McCaughan, Karl K. Berggren, Qingyuan Zhao
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Patent number: 10665634Abstract: An integrated, superconducting imaging sensor may be formed from a single, meandering nanowire. The sensor is capable of single-photon (or single-event) detection and imaging with ˜10 micron spatial resolution and sub-100-picosecond temporal resolution. The sensor may be readily scaled to large areas.Type: GrantFiled: February 2, 2017Date of Patent: May 26, 2020Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Qingyuan Zhao, Karl K. Berggren
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Publication number: 20200027502Abstract: Apparatus and methods relating to programmable superconducting cells are described. A programmable superconducting cell can be formed from a superconducting current loop having at least two terminals connected to the loop. The current loop and terminals can be formed from a single layer of superconducting material. The programmable superconducting cell can be incorporated into a crossbar architecture to form a high-speed vector-matrix multiplying processor for deep neural network computations.Type: ApplicationFiled: February 4, 2019Publication date: January 23, 2020Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Karl K. Berggren, Oguzhan Murat Onen, Brenden Butters, Emily Toomey
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Patent number: 10171086Abstract: A three-terminal device that exhibits transistor-like functionality at cryogenic temperatures may be formed from a single layer of superconducting material. A main current-carrying channel of the device may be toggled between superconducting and normal conduction states by applying a control signal to a control terminal of the device. Critical-current suppression and device geometry are used to propagate a normal-conduction hotspot from a gate constriction across and along a portion of the main current-carrying channel. The three-terminal device may be used in various superconducting signal-processing circuitry.Type: GrantFiled: March 11, 2014Date of Patent: January 1, 2019Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Adam N. McCaughan, Karl K. Berggren
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Publication number: 20180145110Abstract: An integrated, superconducting imaging sensor may be formed from a single, meandering nanowire. The sensor is capable of single-photon (or single-event) detection and imaging with ˜10 micron spatial resolution and sub-100-picosecond temporal resolution. The sensor may be readily scaled to large areas.Type: ApplicationFiled: February 2, 2017Publication date: May 24, 2018Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Qingyuan Zhao, Karl K. Berggren
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Publication number: 20180090661Abstract: An active three-terminal superconducting device having an intersection region at which a hot spot may be controllably formed is described. The intersection region may exhibit current crowding in response to imbalances in current densities applied to channels connected to intersection region. The current crowding may form a hot spot, in which the superconducting device may exhibit a measurable resistance. In some cases, a three-terminal superconducting device may be configured to sense an amount of superconducting current flowing in a channel or loop without having to perturb the superconducting state or amount of current flowing in the channel. A three-terminal superconducting device may be used to read out a number of fluxons stored in a superconducting memory element.Type: ApplicationFiled: April 1, 2016Publication date: March 29, 2018Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYInventors: Adam N. McCaughan, Karl K. Berggren, Qingyuan Zhao Zhao
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Patent number: 9509315Abstract: A three-terminal device that exhibits transistor-like functionality at cryogenic temperatures may be formed from a single layer of superconducting material. A main current-carrying channel of the device may be toggled between superconducting and normal conduction states by applying a control signal to a control terminal of the device. Critical-current suppression and device geometry are used to propagate a normal-conduction hotspot from a gate constriction across and along a portion of the main current-carrying channel. The three-terminal device may be used in various superconducting signal-processing circuitry.Type: GrantFiled: March 11, 2014Date of Patent: November 29, 2016Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Adam N. McCaughan, Karl K. Berggren
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Patent number: 9478429Abstract: A sacrificial-post templating method is presented for directing block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly to form nanostructures of monolayers and bilayers of microdomains. The topographical post template can be removed after directing self-assembly and, therefore, is not incorporated into the final microdomain pattern. The sacrificial posts can be a material removable using a selective etchant that will not remove the material of the final pattern block(s). The sacrificial posts may be removable, at least in part, using a same etchant as for removing one of the blocks of the BCP, for example, a negative tone polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) when a non-final pattern block of polystyrene is removed and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) remains on the substrate.Type: GrantFiled: March 13, 2013Date of Patent: October 25, 2016Assignee: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYInventors: Amir Tavakkoli Kermani Ghariehali, Samuel Mospens Nicaise, Karl K. Berggren, Kevin Willy Gotrik, Caroline A. Ross
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Publication number: 20160028402Abstract: A three-terminal device that exhibits transistor-like functionality at cryogenic temperatures may be formed from a single layer of superconducting material. A main current-carrying channel of the device may be toggled between superconducting and normal conduction states by applying a control signal to a control terminal of the device. Critical-current suppression and device geometry are used to propagate a normal-conduction hotspot from a gate constriction across and along a portion of the main current-carrying channel. The three-terminal device may be used in various superconducting signal-processing circuitry.Type: ApplicationFiled: March 11, 2014Publication date: January 28, 2016Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Adam N. McCaughan, Karl K. Berggren
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Publication number: 20160028403Abstract: A three-terminal device that exhibits transistor-like functionality at cryogenic temperatures may be formed from a single layer of superconducting material. A main current-carrying channel of the device may be toggled between superconducting and normal conduction states by applying a control signal to a control terminal of the device. Critical-current suppression and device geometry are used to propagate a normal-conduction hotspot from a gate constriction across and along a portion of the main current-carrying channel. The three-terminal device may be used in various superconducting signal-processing circuitry.Type: ApplicationFiled: March 11, 2014Publication date: January 28, 2016Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Adam N. McCaughan, Karl K. Berggren
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Publication number: 20150337068Abstract: This invention relates to the preparation and purification of high-X (“chi”) diblock copolymers.Type: ApplicationFiled: February 11, 2013Publication date: November 26, 2015Inventors: KARL K BERGGREN, WILLIAM BROWN FARNHAM, THEODORE H FEDYNYSHYN, SAMUEL M. NICAISE, MICHAEL THOMAS SHEEHAN, HOANG VI TRAN
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Patent number: 9076907Abstract: Compactly-integrated electronic structures and associated systems and methods are provided. Certain embodiments relate to the ability to integrate nanowire-based detectors with optical components.Type: GrantFiled: October 2, 2012Date of Patent: July 7, 2015Assignees: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New YorkInventors: Dirk Englund, Jacob Mower, Faraz Najafi, Xiaolong Hu, Karl K. Berggren
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Patent number: 8966411Abstract: This disclosure relates generally to systems and methods of providing standardized topographical configurations for template regions. In one embodiment, a set of array arrangements is selected. Arrays of template structures are then formed on at least one substrate. Each of the arrays is arranged in accordance with an array arrangement in the set of array arrangements such that the arrays correspond surjectively onto the set of array arrangements. After the arrays are formed, a self-assembly material is provided on the arrays. Self-assembly patterns formed by self-assembling material as a result of the arrays may be empirically observed and used to map a set of self-assembly pattern arrangements surjectively onto the set of array arrangements. Using this mapping, a combination of the self-assembly pattern arrangements that match a target pattern arrangement can be used to select a combination of array arrangements from the set of array arrangements for a template region.Type: GrantFiled: May 22, 2013Date of Patent: February 24, 2015Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Jae-Byum Chang, Hong Kyoon Choi, Adam F. Hannon, Caroline A. Ross, Karl K. Berggren