Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for extracting individual band components from heavily overlapping bands. The method is based on first derivative-second derivative plots of an experimental spectrum and consists of two stases. The first stage is concerned with the geometric approach that estimates a set of values for the parameters of a component band in the overlapping bands, and repeats band decomposition of the remaining bands in the same manner after removing the estimated band from the overlapping bands. The second stage is to minimize the difference between the profiles of the estimated band and its complementary band by a least-squares optimization, and then to determine the optimum values of the band parameters.

Abstract: As for the specific analyzed object, the spectral profile is prepared. The spectral profile is differentiated and the two-dimensional derivative plot wherein at least one axis denotes the differentiated value is prepared, and at least one component band is estimated based on the characteristic information including the local minimum and the local maximum in the said two-dimensional derivative plot.

Abstract: The present method of processing spectral data calculates the first to fourth derivative spectra of an original spectrum with respect to the wavenumber and creates a two-dimensional representation by plotting coordinates consisting of the derivative values of some order as their abscissas and the original spectral values or derivative values of another order different from that order as their ordinates. In this two-dimensional plotting, maximal points, minimal points, maximal slope points (inflection points) and the like are clearly represented, so that a great amount of accurate feature information about the analyzed object can be easily obtained.

Abstract: To intensity-modulate laser light periodically wavelength-modulated by and emitted from a wavelength-variable semiconductor laser 11. To separate the laser light into optical paths 13a, 13b with a beam splitter 14 to irradiate an examined location 17 for assessing blood sugar through path 13a. To detect the intensity of transmitted or reflected light from examined location 17 with a first detector 21 and the intensity of laser light passing through path 13b with a second detector 22 to detect the ratio of the former intensity to the latter intensity with a logarithmic ratio amplifier 25. To detect the rate of change in the ratio with respect to the change in wavelength of the wavelength modulation with a lock-in amplifier 26 to obtain a derivative spectral signal of the absorption spectrum of glucose. An arithmetic processor 27 detects blood sugar in the examined location from the derivative spectrum.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for measuring concentration of a solution use pathlength complementarily modulated cells comprising a sample cell and a reference cell arranged in parallel to each other and separated by a displacable separator window which is displaced parallelly in a direction of an optical axis of a measuring optical system thereby varying each of cell-length of sample and reference cells complementarily, detect transmitted intensities by the combined cells at different positions of the separator window while flowing a sample solution and a reference solution having a known concentration into the sample cell and reference cell, respectively, and calculate the concentration of the sample solution based on detected transmitted intensities, positions of the separator window at which transmitted intensities are detected and the known concentration of the reference solution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a quantitative determination method of a medicament for processing semiconductor by near-infrared spectrometry at 800-1400 .mu.m and an apparatus which is adapted to the practice of said method. According to the present invention, concentration of an aqueous solution of the medicament can be determined without drawbacks of the prior methods.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the thickness of a thin film utilizing an interferometric method includes a light source for generating a monochromatic light beam, a scanner for scanning the light beam on a thin film in such a manner that an incident angle thereto is continuously varied from .alpha. to (-.alpha.), a first detector for detecting the incident angle of the light beam and a second detector for detecting an interference pattern caused by light beams reflected from the top and bottom surfaces of the thin film. The thickness of the thin film is obtained in accordance with a geometrical optical relationship defined between adjacent fringes contained in the detected interference pattern.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a method for measuring the concentrations of sugars in liquids by the use of near infrared as well as an apparatus for practicing said method.The method comprises a step wherein the absorption spectrum of the sugar under investigation existing at a first depth relatively close to the surface in a sample is computed by using relatively weak power of near infrared, a step wherein the absorption spectrum of the sugar under investigation existing at a relatively deep second depth in the sample is computed by using relatively strong power of infrared, and a step wherein the concentration of the sugar under investigation in the sample is determined by computing the absorption spectrum of the sugar at a different depth between said first and second depths on the basis of the results of measurement in said first and second steps. The wavelengths for the use for said absorption spectrum are selected from anyone of wavelength bands of 950-1,150 nm, 1,150-1,300 nm, and 1,300-1,450 nm.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for counting yarn splicing operations for each of the spindles in an automatic winding machine provided with a plurality of winding spindles and an automatic knotting machine and in which relative motion of said spindles and said knotting machine causes the knotting machine and successive spindles to be adjacent each other for carrying out a yarn splicing operation when necessary. A pulse signal is generated each time the knotting machine and a spindle are adjacent each other during the relative motion of the knotting machine and the spindles, the pulse being of relatively short duration when the knotting machine is adjacent a spindle for a time insufficient to carry out a splicing operation. The apparatus discriminates between the long and short duration pulses for each spindle, and the long duration pulses for each spindle are counted as an indication of the occurrances of a splicing operation for that spindle.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for counting yarn splicing operations due to normal and abnormal reasons for each of the spindles in an automatic winding machine provided with a plurality of winding spindles each having associated therewith a slub catcher and bobbin replacing means, and an automatic knotting machine circulating past the spindles for carrying out yarn splicing at each of said spindles when necessary. A yarn splicing operation at each spindle is detected by a yarn splicing detecting means including a reed switch associated with each spindle for producing a yarn splicing detecting signal when closed for longer than a predetermined time, and a magnet secured to the automatic knotting machine operates the respective reed switches.