Abstract: There is provided a liquid crystal composition in particular with a low threshold voltage and a wide range of nematic phase temperature (with high TNI point and low TC), while satisfying various properties required for liquid crystal compositions for active matrix type liquid crystal display elements. The composition contains, for example, compounds represented by general formulas (1-1) and (2-1): ##STR1## where each R.sub.1 independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; X.sub.1 represents H or F; and each X.sub.2 independently represents F, OCF.sub.3, CF.sub.3, or OCF.sub.2 H.

Abstract: A noncontact laser microsurgical apparatus and method for marking a cornea of a patient's or donor's eye in transplanting surgery or keratoplasty, and in incising or excising the corneal tissue in keratotomy, and for tissue welding during thermokeratoplasty. The noncontact laser microsurgical apparatus comprises a laser source and a projection optical system for converting laser beams emitted from the laser source into coaxially distributed beam spots on the cornea. The apparatus further includes a multiple-facet prismatic axicon lens system movably mounted for varying the distribution of the beam spots on the cornea. In a further embodiment of the method of the present invention, an adjustable mask pattern is inserted in the optical path of the laser source to selectively block certain portions of the laser beams to thereby impinge only selected areas of the cornea.

Abstract: An adapter is removably mountable on one end of a memory card of predetermined length. The adapter has a protrusion which registers with a notch in the end of the memory card, and the adapter has a substitute notch which provides the memory card with an effective length that is equal to a specified longer length than the predetermined length. The adapter permits the memory card of predetermined length to be reliably mated with an electrical connector that is dimensioned to receive a memory card of the specified longer length.

Abstract: A method of detecting deficiency of an aperture used in a charged-particle-beam exposure process employing at least two exposure columns is disclosed, where each of the two exposure columns passes a charged-particle beam through the aperture formed through a mask to shape a cross section of the charged-particle beam before exposing the charged-particle beam onto an object. The method includes the steps of mounting masks having the same aperture to the at least two exposure columns; scanning, in each of the at least two exposure columns, the charged-particle beam over an area containing a mark on a surface substantially at the same height as the object after passing the charged-particle beam through the same aperture; obtaining, in each of the at least two exposure columns, a signal waveform corresponding to the scan by detecting charged particles scattered by the mark; and comparing the signal waveform between the at least two exposure columns.

Abstract: An optical fiber and method of manufacturing the same comprising a light transmitting portion having a first end, a second end, and an outer surface. A foundation layer is disposed on a portion of the outer surface of the light transmitting portion. A protective layer is disposed over the foundation layer. The protective layer has a thickness greater than the thickness of the foundation layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ophthalmometric apparatus and is intended to provide an ophthalmometric apparatus that generates image signals representing a section of a measuring portion of a measuring eye.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of optometry, which lets a subject observe an optometrical target through a correcting optical system having a variable refractive power, are designed to measure the optical characteristics of the subject with a measuring means, and display on a display means a target image as the case of the observation of a prescribed target by the subject, based on the measured optical characteristics of the subject.

Abstract: A method of exposing a pattern on a substrate by a charged particle beam includes the steps of energizing first and second mask deflectors provided at an upstream side of a stencil mask simultaneously to obtain a first relativistic relationship of energization between the first and second mask deflectors, energizing the first mask deflector and simultaneously the second mask deflector according to the first relativistic relationship so as to hit a selected aperture on the stencil mask, to obtain an absolute deflection of the charged particle beam as a function of the energization of the first mask deflector, energizing third and fourth mask deflectors provided at a downstream side of the stencil mask simultaneously to obtain a second relativistic relationship of energization between the third and fourth mask deflectors, and energizing the first through fourth mask deflectors according to the first and second relativistic relationship and further to the absolute relationship, such that the charged particle bea

Abstract: In the present invention, a lock pin 6 is temporarily fixed on an upper cover 2 in advance. Then, the upper cover 2 and a lower cover 3 are connected together by inserting a wall 10 between a pair of walls 4 and 5 and by aligning holes 7 and 8 with a hole 11. By pushing a release button 9 under this condition, the temporarily fixed lock pin 6 is inserted into the holes 7, 8 and 11 and is set at a predetermined connecting position. Thus, the upper cover 2 and the lower cover 3 are mechanically connected by the lock pin 6. As the result, the upper cover and the lower cover can be relatively easily and reliably connected together without requiring a special tool. The cover is not easily disassembled by outsiders, and good external appearance can be provided.

Abstract: A noncontact laser microsurgical apparatus and method for marking a cornea of a patient's or donor's eye in transplanting surgery or keratoplasty, and in incising or excising the corneal tissue in keratotomy, and for tissue welding and for thermokeratoplasty. The noncontact laser microsurgical apparatus comprises a laser source and a projection optical system for converting laser beams emitted from the laser source into coaxially distributed beam spots on the cornea. The apparatus further includes a multiple-facet prismatic axicon lens system movably mounted for varying the distribution of the beam spots on the cornea. In a further embodiment of the method of the present invention, an adjustable mask pattern is inserted in the optical path of the laser source to selectively block certain portions of the laser beams to thereby impinge only selected areas of the cornea.

Abstract: A noncontact laser microsurgical apparatus and method for marking a cornea of a patient's or donor's eye in transplanting surgery or keratoplasty, and in incising or excising the corneal tissue in keratotomy, and for tissue welding and for thermokeratoplasty. The noncontact laser microsurgical apparatus comprises a laser source and a projection optical system for converting laser beams emitted from the laser source into coaxially distributed beam spots on the cornea. The apparatus further includes a multiple-facet prismatic axicon lens system movably mounted for varying the distribution of the beam spots on the cornea. In a further embodiment of the method of the present invention, an adjustable mask pattern is inserted in the optical path of the laser source to selectively block certain portions of the laser beams to thereby impinge only selected areas of the cornea.

Abstract: A photocurable resin composition is described, which comprises a specific type of photosensitive polymer obtained by copolymerization of a monomer of the following general formula [I] ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 represents H, CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2 H.sub.5, X represents --O-- or --NH--, Y represents a linear or branched hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and .PHI. represents ##STR2## Z.sup..crclbar., in which Z.sup..crclbar. represents an anion, and R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and a monomer of the following general formula [II] ##STR3## in which R.sup.5 represents H, CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2 H.sub.5, and n and x are independently an integer of from 1 to 4. The photosensitive polymer is photocrosslinked with a diazide compound. The resin composition is particularly suitably for use in formation of a color filter because of good dyeability and good adhesion to a substrate.

Abstract: A fixation sight apparatus for an ophthalmological instrument is disclosed. It has a unique arrangement including light source and mirrors for presenting a plurality of fixation mark images on a measuring optical axis. An eye to be tested selectively fixedly gazes at the most clearly sightable one among the plurality of fixation mark images according to the sight confirmation characteristic thereof.

Abstract: A working distance alignment optical system for use in an ophthalmological instrument includes a target projecting optical system for projecting a target to a cornea of an eye to be tested, and a target image observing optical system for observing an image of the target in the cornea from the diagonal direction with respect to the target projecting optical system. The working distance alignment optical system is characterized in that at least one of the target projecting optical system and the target image observing optical system is provided with an optical element whose optical working surface is a toric surface.

Abstract: A non-contact type tonometer is disclosed. It includes a fluid discharging device for discharging a fluid from a nozzle towards an eye to be tested and transfiguring the eye, an eye pressure measuring device for measuring the eye pressure of the eye based on the pressure of the fluid, and an alignment detecting device for detecting the aligning state of the nozzle of the fluid discharging device. It further includes an eye pressure value correcting device for correcting an actually measured eye pressure value obtained by the eye pressure measuring device based on an alignment error information of the nozzle with respect to the eye using the alignment detecting device.

Abstract: A subjective ophthalmic instrument has optotypes which are observed by the patient through a correcting lens system of adjustable refractive power. The subjective ophthalmic instrument further has a optotype examination system which includes an imaging optical system for producing an image of a patient's fundus projected with an image of the optotypes at a camera tube, and display means for displaying the optotype image in accordance with the output of the camera tube.

Abstract: An eye examining apparatus is disclosed which is capable of the accurate detection of any abnormality in the optical system of a patient's eye which might exist at any position of the eye, and also which is capable of providing easy measurement of the degree of refraction of the patient's eye. The apparatus comprises a target projecting system for projecting onto a retina a target image to be measured; focalizing means for detecting the focus of the target to be measured and for focalizing it on the retina; and an optical transfer function measuring system for detecting the contrast of the target image to be measured, which is focalized on the retina, and thereby measuring the optical transfer function of the patient's eye.The apparatus may further comprise means for comparing the measured optical transfer function with that of a normal eye, and the target projecting system may include a means for rotating the target image to be measured around an optical axis.

Abstract: A non-contact type tonometer for measuring intraocular pressure of a human eye. The tonometer includes a fluid ejection nozzle to eject a fluid toward a cornea of an eye to be tested and an alignment control apparatus. The alignment control apparatus comprises a pair of alignment control systems disposed in a manner as to intersect the respective optical axes at one point on the central axis of the fluid ejection nozzle and to be symmetrical about the central axis. The alignment optical systems each include an index projection optical system for projecting an index spot light toward the cornea and an index detection system for forming a virtual image of the index spot light produced by means of corneal specular reflection from the eye on an observation system as an index image through a part of an index projection optical system of the other alignment optical system.